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Abstract
Aims: We aimed to investigate the physicochemical effects of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) on the composition of the protein corona and their correspondence toxicological issues. Materials & methods: SPIONs of different sizes and surface charges were exposed to fetal bovine serum. The structure/composition and biological effects of the protein corona–SPION complexes were probed. Results & discussion: The affinity and level of adsorption of specific proteins is strongly dependent on the size and surface charge of the SPIONs. In vivo experiments on the mouse blood–brain barrier model revealed that nontargeted SPIONs containing specific proteins will enter the brain endothelial barrier cells. Conclusion: Some commercially available nanoparticles used for target-specific applications may have unintended uptake in the body (e.g., brain tissue) with potential cytotoxity.
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Financial & competing interests disclosure
The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.
No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.
Ethical conduct of research
The authors state that they have obtained appropriate institutional review board approval or have followed the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki for all human or animal experimental investigations. In addition, for investigations involving human subjects, informed consent has been obtained from the participants involved.