Signal Transduction Pathways Alter the Molecular Cargo of Extracellular Vesicles: Implications in Regenerative Medicine

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) possess regenerative properties and are also considered as future vaccines. All types of cells secrete EVs; however, the amount of EVs secreted by the cells varies under various physiological as well as pathological states. Several articles have reviewed the molecular composition and potential therapeutic applications of EVs. Likewise, the ‘sorting signals’ associated with specific macromolecules have also been identified, but how the signal transduction pathways prevailing in the parent cells alter the molecular profile of the EVs or the payload they carry has not been sufficiently reviewed. Here, we have specifically discussed the implications of these alterations in the macromolecular cargo of EVs for their therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine.

Tweetable abstract

The regenerative potential of EVs relies on the molecular cargo they carry inside them. This review emphasizes how alterations in signal transduction pathways prevailing in the parent cells shape the molecular cargo of the EVs.

Keywords::

• exosomes
• extracellular vesicles
• intercellular communication
• macromolecular cargo
• microvesicles
• signal transduction pathways

Author contributions

P Teli: editing; A Vaidya: reviewing & editing; VP Kale: conceptualization and designing, financial support, supervision, writing and editing of the manuscript, approval of the final draft.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Symbiosis International University for intramural funding and Symbiosis Centre for Research and Innovations, Symbiosis International University.

Financial disclosure

This work was funded by Symbiosis International University and Symbiosis Centre for Research and Innovations, Symbiosis International University. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

Competing interests disclosure

The authors have no competing interests or relevant affiliations with any organization or entity with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, stock ownership or options and expert testimony.

Writing disclosure

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.