A microbiological study in relation to the presence of caries and calculus

Abstract

Objective. To examine whether oral microflora in individuals with caries differs from that of individuals with calculus in Thai adolescents with poor oral hygiene. Material and methods. One hundred 13-year-old schoolchildren from Southern Thailand were examined for the presence of caries, calculus and plaque and saliva pH was also determined. Saliva samples were analysed by culture and approximal supragingival plaque samples were analysed with the DNA–DNA hybridization method (‘checkerboard’). Results. Among the 100 children, mean DMFS was 3.43 [standard deviation (SD) 2.82] and 90% had calculus. The correlation between DMFS and the calculus index was 0.064. A total of 36 children were caries-free and 56 had calculus including teeth other than those in the lower anterior region (calculus score ≥3). A total of 23 caries-free children with a high calculus score (≥3) were compared with 22 children with the highest DMFS [mean 11.19 (SD 5.58)] and a calculus score < 3. No significant difference was obtained for saliva and plaque pH. The salivary levels of mutans Streptococci and Lactobacilli were low. Significantly more children in the caries group had high levels of glycolytic Prevotella nigrescens and Filifactor alocis in plaque compared with the calculus group. Calculus cases had a significantly higher total viable count in saliva. Conclusions. There was no inverse correlation between the presence of caries and calculus at a population level and a high calculus score only marginally reduced the individual likelihood of having caries. Several glycolytic bacteria were related to caries, while no specific bacteria could be related to calculus formation. Calculus seemed to be more closely related to poor oral hygiene.

Key Words::

• Calculus
• caries
• oral microbiota

Acknowledgements

We thank the Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, and the Songkhla Wittayakom Secondary School, Songkhla Province for their appreciated cooperation with the recruitment of schoolchildren for this study. We also thank Mrs Lisbeth Bengtsson for excellent technical assistance. This study was supported by grants from the Swedish patient revenue fund and Swedish Research Links, Swedish Research Council, Stockholm, Sweden (348-2007-6650).

Declaration of interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.