Pupil Light Reflex in Parkinson's Disease: Evaluation With Pupillometry

ABSTRACT

We evaluated pupil light reflex (PLR) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and normal controls by means of pupillometry and explored its possible relation to clinical characteristics in parkinsonian patients. PLR was evaluated using pupillometry in 66 patients with PD without clinical evidence of autonomic dysfunction and 44 healthy matched controls. PLR was elicited by single flash stimuli of 24.6 candelas/m² intensity and 20 ms duration, and six parameters were studied after full recording of pupil's movement. A significant increase in latency (T1) and significant decrease in amplitude (R1–R2), maximum constriction velocity (Vmax), as well as maximum acceleration (ACmax) was found in parkinsonian patients. There was no significant difference in initial radius (R1) and minimum radius (R2) values. Of the parameters studied, ACmax emerged as a significant predictor for discrimination between PD patients and controls. There was no significant correlation between pupillometry parameters and clinical characteristic of patients (disease duration, stage, and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating motor scale). The study demonstrates PLR disorder in PD patients even without overt clinical autonomic dysfunction. Pupillometry appears to be a useful and noninvasive method for exploration of PLR alterations in PD and may prove to be useful for the early detection of subclinical autonomic nervous system dysfunction.

KEYWORDS: :

• Autonomic dysfunction
• autonomous nervous system
• parasympathetic
• Parkinson's disease
• pupil light reflex
• pupillometry