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Abstract
Background: Our aim was to assess the relationship between transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and 2-fetoprotein (AFP) levels in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: Urinary TGF-β1 and serum AFP were determined in 123 HCC patients, 50 patients with chronic liver disease (CLD), and 50 healthy controls. Results: Roth TGF-β1 and AFP levels were higher in HCC patients than in CLD patients or controls (each, P = 0.0001). There was a negative correlation between TGF-β1 and logAFP (r = -0.196, P = 0.029). Multivariate analysis indicated that TGF-β1 and AFP were associated with an increased risk of HCC development. By receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis, determination of AFP and TGF-β1 in parallel significantly increased the sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy in detecting HCC. Conclusion: Increased urinary TGF-β1 level can be used as a complementary marker to AFP for detection of HCC with low AFP production.