Role of hexaminolevulinate-guided fluorescence cystoscopy in bladder cancer: critical analysis of the latest data and European guidance

Abstract

Objective. Hexaminolevulinate (HAL) is an optical imaging agent used with fluorescence cystoscopy (FC) for the detection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Guidelines from the European Association of Urology (EAU) and a recent, more detailed European expert consensus statement agree that HAL-FC has a role in improving detection of NMIBC and provide recommendations on situations for its use. Since the publication of the EAU guidelines and the European consensus statement, new evidence on the efficacy of HAL-FC in reducing recurrence of NMIBC, compared with white light cystoscopy (WLC), have been published. Material and methods. To consider whether these new trials have an impact on the expert guidelines and on clinical practice (e.g. supporting existing recommendations or providing evidence for a change or expansion of practice), a group of bladder cancer experts from Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden met to address the following questions: What is the relevance of the new data on HAL-FC for clinical practice in managing NMIBC? What impact do the new data have on European guidelines? How could HAL-FC be used in clinical practice? and What further information on HAL-FC is required to optimize the management of NMIBC? Results and conclusions. This article reports the outcomes of the discussion at the Nordic expert panel meeting, concluding that, in line with European guidance, HAL-FC has an important role in the initial detection of NMIBC and for follow-up of patients to assess tumour recurrence after WLC. It provides practical advice, with an algorithm on the use of this diagnostic procedure for urologists managing NMIBC.

Key Words::

• bladder cancer
• cystoscopy
• fluorescence cystoscopy
• hexaminolevulinate
• non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer
• photosensitizer
• residual tumour
• transurethral resection of bladder tumour
• tumour recurrence
• TURBT

Acknowledgements

The Nordic expert panel meeting was made possible through an unrestricted educational grant from Photocure ASA, with logistical support from Succinct Healthcare Communications (www.succinctcomms.com), who also provided editorial assistance in the preparation of this article. Full editorial control is retained by the authors.

Declaration of interest: All authors offer advice in an advisory capacity to Photocure. PUM, PH and ESH have travelled to congresses with Photocure and given lectures and chaired symposia on their behalf.