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Xenobiotica
the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems
Volume 42, 2012 - Issue 9
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Animal Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism

Extensive intestinal glucuronidation of raloxifene in vivo in pigs and impact for oral drug delivery

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Pages 917-928 | Received 18 Jan 2012, Accepted 04 Apr 2012, Published online: 04 May 2012
 

Abstract

  1. In this study an advanced multisampling site pig model, with simultaneous venous blood sampling pre- and post liver, was applied to quantify the role of the intestine in relation to the liver in first-pass glucuronidation of raloxifene in vivo. The pharmacokinetic of raloxifene (a BCS/BDDCS class II compound) in humans is characterized by extensive metabolism (>90%) and the major metabolite is the 4′-β-glucuronide (R-4-G).

  2. Following intra-jejunal (i.j.) single dose administration in pigs raloxifene was metabolized in the gut (EG) during first-pass to more than 70% and a high concentration (AUC0–6 h ratio R-4-G/raloxifene >100) of R-4-G was reached in the portal vein. The hepatic extraction (EH) of raloxifene was ~50% and as in humans the bioavailability become low (~7%) in pigs. Interestingly the EH of raloxifene and R-4-G was time-dependent after i.j. administration.

  3. It is clear that the gut was the dominating organ in first-pass extraction of raloxifene in vivo in pigs. The quantification in this study support earlier human data and emphasize that intestinal glucuronidation should be considered early in the pharmaceutical development.

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