Improving response rates and evaluating nonresponse bias in surveys: AMEE Guide No. 102

Abstract

Robust response rates are essential for effective survey-based strategies. Researchers can improve survey validity by addressing both response rates and nonresponse bias. In this AMEE Guide, we explain response rate calculations and discuss methods for improving response rates to surveys as a whole (unit nonresponse) and to questions within a survey (item nonresponse). Finally, we introduce the concept of nonresponse bias and provide simple methods to measure it.

Declaration of interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the article.