Association between the CLOCK gene 3111 T > C polymorphism and an irregular menstrual cycle in Korean adolescents

Abstract

The menstrual cycle is an example of a human infradian rhythm, but an altered sleep–wake cycle or a disrupted circadian rhythm can change the regularity of the menstrual cycle. In this study, we investigated whether an irregular menstrual cycle is associated with polymorphisms in the CLOCK (3111T > C) and/or PER3 (variable number tandem repeat, VNTR) genes, which are known to have an impact on the circadian rhythm. One hundred ninety-seven postmenarchal, adolescent girls from two girls’ high schools in Seoul, Korea, were studied. All participants were requested to complete the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to assess the emotional distress that might cause menstrual irregularity. Every participant donated a blood sample from which DNA was extracted and genotyped for the CLOCK 3111T > C and PER3 VNTR polymorphisms. A significant association was found between the CLOCK 3111T > C genotype and irregular menstrual cycles. Subjects with the 3111T > C genotype had a high risk of an irregular menstrual cycle compared with 3111T/T homozygous subjects (odds ratio [OR] = 2.88; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.26–6.55). When multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to adjust for age, PSS, STAI, BDI and BMI, subjects with the 3111T > C polymorphism showed a significantly increased OR for irregular menstrual cycles (OR = 3.09; 95% CI: 1.32–7.21). There was no significant association between the PER3 VNTR polymorphism and the irregularity of the menstrual cycle (p > 0.05). The results of this study suggest that the CLOCK 3111T > C polymorphism could be an independent risk factor for irregular menstrual cycles, irrespective of psychological distress and endocrine or metabolic conditions, and could be used as a molecular marker for gynecological studies on this aspect.

• Adolescent
• clock genes
• irregular menstruation
• polymorphism

Declaration of interest

The authors report no conflict of interests.

Current knowledge on the subject

• CLOCK and PER3 are associated with the constancy of the circadian rhythm and with sleep homeostasis, respectively.

• The menstrual cycle is a type of biological rhythm in humans and is an indicator of normal development or of possible medical problems.

What this study adds

• The CLOCK 3111T > C polymorphism, but not the PER3 variation, is associated with irregular menstrual cycles.

• The CLOCK 3111T > C polymorphism might be an independent risk factor for irregular menstrual cycles, irrespective of psychological distress and endocrine or metabolic conditions.