Relatives of patients with severe brain injury: Growth curve analysis of anxiety and depression the first year after injury

Abstract

Primary objective: To investigate trajectories and predictors of trajectories of anxiety and depression in relatives of patients with a severe brain injury during the first year after injury.

Research design: A prospective longitudinal study with four repeated measurements.

Subjects: Ninety relatives of patients with severe brain injury.

Methods: The relatives were assessed on the anxiety and depression scales from the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised and latent variable growth curve models were used to model the trajectories. The effects of patient’s age, patient’s Glasgow Coma Score, level of function and consciousness, gender and relationship of the relatives were modelled.

Results: Improvement was found in both symptoms of anxiety and depression during the 12-month study period. The analysis revealed different trajectories for symptoms of anxiety and depression, as anxiety had a more rapid improvement. Higher initial level of symptoms of depression was seen in female relatives. Higher initial level of anxiety was associated with younger patient age, lower level of function and consciousness in the patient and the relative being female or the spouse.

Conclusion: Future research and interventions should focus not only on specific deficits in the patient, but also on how the emotional state and well-being of the relatives evolve, while trying to adjust and cope with a new life-situation.

• Anxiety
• caregivers
• depression
• early rehabilitation
• latent growth curve modelling
• relatives
• severe brain injury

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all participants in the study and additionally acknowledge the support of the staff at the Department of Neurorehabilitation, Traumatic Brain Injury Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, in particular chief neuropsychologist Lars Siert for his guidance during the years.

Declaration of interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.