Prevalence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy in Subjects with Suboptimal Glycemic, Blood Pressure and Lipid Control. Sankara Nethralaya Diabetic Retinopathy Epidemiology and Molecular Genetic Study (SN-DREAMS, Report 33)

Abstract

Purpose: To assess the rate of achieving optimal metabolic control among subjects with type 2 diabetes, to elucidate the influence of suboptimal control on diabetic retinopathy (DR) and to analyze the risk factors associated with DR in the subjects with suboptimal control.

Material and methods: A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in south India. The study population consisted of 1414 subjects with type 2 diabetes. Optimal control of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), blood pressure (BP) and lipids was defined as: optimal HbA1c <7%, suboptimal HbA1c ≥ 7%; optimal BP ≤ 130/80 mm Hg, suboptimal BP >130/80 mm Hg; optimal low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) <100 mg/dl, suboptimal LDL ≥ 100 mg/dl.

Results: Of the subjects, 13.6% achieved combined optimal target levels for all metabolic parameters. When compared to subjects with optimal control, those with suboptimal control of HbA1c (trend P < 0.0001) and systolic blood pressure (SBP, trend P = 0.007) were more likely to have DR. Subjects having a combination of suboptimal glycemic and BP control (P < 0.0001 for SBP, P = 0.004 for diastolic blood pressure (DBP)), and suboptimal glycemic, BP and LDL control (P < 0.0001 for SBP, P = 0.017 for DBP), were more likely to have DR when compared to the subjects having optimal control of respective combinations. The factors associated with DR in the subjects with suboptimal control were younger age (P = 0.014 for BP, P = 0.016 for HbA1c), male gender (P = 0.035 for BP, P = 0.027 for HbA1c, P = 0.043 for LDL), presence of anemia (P = 0.021 for BP, P = 0.036 for HbA1c) and microalbuminuria (P < 0.0001 for both BP and HbA1c).

Conclusions: We found high prevalence of suboptimal metabolic control among subjects with type 2 diabetes. Suboptimal glycemic and SBP control, and their combination was the most detrimental for the development of DR.

KEYWORDS::

• Diabetic retinopathy
• suboptimal metabolic control
• glycosylated hemoglobin
• hypertension
• hyperlipidemia

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thank RD Tata Trust, Mumbai, India.

Declaration of interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.