Passive Smoking Induces Leukotriene Production in Children: Influence of Asthma

Abstract

Background. Passive smoking is associated with poor asthma control in children, but the mechanism is unknown. Leukotrienes are involved in the asthma pathogenesis and their synthesis is increased in adult subjects who actively smoke. Objective. To evaluate whether passive smoking, as assessed by urinary cotinine levels, increases leukotriene production in children with or without asthma. Methods. This was a prospective, cross-sectional study in which children with stable intermittent asthma (without exacerbation) and healthy control children were studied through spirometry and urinary concentrations of cotinine and leukotriene E₄ (LTE₄). Both groups were balanced to include children with and without passive smoking. Results. Ninety children (49 with asthma and 41 controls, 54.4% females) aged 9 years (range, 5–13 years) were studied. Urinary LTE₄ concentrations were progressively higher as cotinine levels increased (r_S = 0.23, p = .03). LTE₄ also correlated with body mass index (BMI) (r_S = 0.30, p = .004), and multiple regression analysis revealed that BMI was even more influential than cotinine for determining LTE₄ levels. LTE₄ concentrations were unrelated with gender, age, or spirometry. In turn, cotinine inversely correlated with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁) (r_S = −0.22, p = .04) and forced vital capacity (FVC) (r_S = −0.25, p = .02), but when analyzed by groups, these relationships were statistically significant only in children with asthma. Conclusions. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, as assessed by urinary cotinine levels, was associated with an increased urinary concentration of LTE₄, although BMI exerted more influence in determining its concentration. Urinary cotinine was associated with decreased lung function, mainly in children with asthma.

• body mass index
• cotinine
• environmental tobacco smoke
• secondhand smoke
• side-stream smoke