The applications of buckminsterfullerene C₆₀ and derivatives in orthopaedic research

Abstract

Buckminsterfullerene C₆₀ and derivatives have been extensively explored in biomedical research due to their unique structure and unparalleled physicochemical properties. C₆₀ is characterized as a “free radical sponge” with an anti-oxidant efficacy several hundred-fold higher than conventional anti-oxidants. Also, the C₆₀ core has a strong electron-attracting ability and numerous functional compounds with widely different properties can be added to this fullerene cage. This review focused on the applications of C₆₀ and derivatives in orthopaedic research, such as the treatment of cartilage degeneration, bone destruction, intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), vertebral bone marrow disorder, radiculopathy, etc., as well as their toxicity in vitro and in vivo. We suggest that C₆₀ and derivatives, especially the C₆₀ cores coupled with functional groups presenting new biological and pharmacological activities, are advantageous in orthopaedic research and will be promising in clinical performance for musculoskeletal disorders treatment; however, the pharmacokinetics and toxicology of these agents as local/systemic administration need to be carefully determined.

• Anti-oxidant
• double-action compound
• fullerene
• orthopaedic applications
• reactive oxygen species