The incidence of diagnosed autism spectrum disorders in Finland

Abstract

Background: Previous reports indicate an increase in incidence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Aims: First, to assess the incidence of diagnosed ASD in children born between 1996 and 1998, based on nationwide inpatient and outpatient register information. Second, to investigate the incidence rate over time of diagnosed ASD and specifically childhood autism, Asperger's syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder (PDD-NOS) in children born between 1987 and 1998. Methods: This is population-based cohort study with children born in Finland between 1 January 1987 and 31 December 2005; a total of more than 1.2 million children. Children were identified in the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register, and the reported diagnoses were based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD-10, ICD-9). Results: The annual incidence rate of diagnosed ASD based on inpatient and outpatient register data was 53.7 per 10,000 (95% CI 50.4–57.2). Incidence was 82.6 per 10,000 in boys and 23.6 per 10,000 in girls, yielding a sex ratio (boys:girls) of 3.5:1. We report an eightfold increase in the incidence rates in children of diagnosed ASD and specifically in childhood autism, Asperger's syndrome and PDD-NOS and born between 1987 and 1992 based on inpatient register information. Conclusions: Increased awareness of ASD, more precise diagnostic criteria and changes in practice for diagnosing autism may have had a substantial effect on the increased incidence of inpatient treated ASD cases from 1987 to 1992. Between 1992 and 1998, the incidence rate based on inpatient and outpatient service use remained rather stable.

• Autism
• Autism spectrum disorders
• Epidemiology
• Incidence
• Register study

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the contribution of Jarna Lindroos and Pyry Kantanen for assistance in manuscript preparation.

Declaration of interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.

This study was supported by Autism Speaks, USA, by National Institute of Mental Health, USA, grant 1K02-MH65422, and by National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, USA, grant 1R01ES019004.