Gender and Racial Disparities in Cases of Autoenucleation

ABSTRACT

Objective: This review demonstrates the gender and racial disparities among patients who have committed ocular autoenucleation. Design: Peer-reviewed articles were identified and reviewed on the basis of a literature search in PubMed/MEDLINE and Ovid/EMBASE databases from all available literature to date. Results: We identified 60 cases of autoenucleation published in contemporary literature with nine attempted cases. The ratio of men to women who have committed autoenucleation is 8:1. Only 28 cases of autoenucleation included confirmed reports of racial makeup. 17 out of 28 cases were White, eight out of 28 cases were Hispanic or Asian, and only three cases were Black. White patients account for 61% of the cases, while Black patients make up 11% and other races constitute 28%. The common underlying psychiatric motivations among autoenucleation patients include biblical interpretations, religious delusions, and paranoia of the eye. The most common associated psychiatric disorders among patients with autoenucleation include schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder. Conclusion: Autoenucleation largely occurs amongst male patients with active psychiatric disorders. Our findings challenge previously published reviews where the incidence of autoenucleation is reported as equal for the two sexes. A higher incidence among the White population is also suggested. This is the first time gender and racial disparity have been demonstrated with respect to autoenucleation.

Keywords:

• Autoenucleation
• disparity
• psychosis
• race

DECLARATION OF INTEREST

The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this article.

FUNDING

The study was supported in part by an Unrestricted Departmental Grant and Physician Scientist Award to the Vanderbilt Eye Institute by Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc., New York.

Additional information

Funding

The study was supported in part by an Unrestricted Departmental Grant and Physician Scientist Award to the Vanderbilt Eye Institute by Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc., New York.