Attempts to Optimize Active Specific Immunotherapy for Melanoma

Abstract

During the past 5 years, we have been conducting clinical trials with a therapeutic melanoma vaccine (melanoma“theraccine”). Mechanical lysates of two melanoma cell lines chosen for their complementary characteristics were combined with the adjuvant DETOX and injected subcutaneously on weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 for one or two courses, and then monthly in patients with objective clinical responses. Of 109 patients, 22 (20%) have had objective clinical regression of tumor masses, with 5% complete responses. Ten patients have lived more than a year. Eight of the 10 are still alive, five of whom have lived more than 3 years. It was not necessary to achieve complete remissions to cause an increase in survival, and most of the long-surviving patients have one or more (stable) residual nodules. The pace of the disease process has clearly been slowed in those individuals.

A rise in the level of cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors in the blood (pCTL) has correlated with clinical response. Only one patient without such a rise in pCTL has had a response, and assays in that patient were considered unreliable. Both CD4+ and CD8+ CTL have been cloned from the blood of immunized patients. Both types of CTL killed a number of melanoma cell lines, but not other types of tumor or normal cells (lymphoblasts and melanocytes). CD8+ CTL have not been restricted to killing the autologous melanoma. MHC restriction by the HLA-A2 locus was identified. CD4+ CTL were not restricted only by Class IIHLA antigens. Many CD4+ clones killed HLA Class H-negative melanomas, and we were able to block cytotoxicity of a particular clone with either anti-HLA Class I or anti-Class II MHC monoclonal antibodies, or both.

An association of clinical response to the theraccine with certain HLA phenotypes, notably HLA-C3, -A2 (and the cross-reactive HLA-A28), B12 (and the related alleles (HLA-B44 and -B45) and perhaps DR4, particularly when combinations of those alleles were present, was suggested by our analysis of 70 patients. It is possible that this simply indicates the sharing of MHC antigens between the immunizing melanomas and the patient's melanoma. However, these MHC molecules may be important in their own right in presenting melanoma-associated antigens in CTL in vivo.

Subtractive hybridization of mRNA from lung squamous carcinoma cells from cDNA of the M-l melanoma cell line has yielded several DNA sequences unique to melanoma. Those are now being analyzed for possible immunogenicity, with cytotoxicity by CTL from immunized patients as the major criterion. Our hope is eventually to produce a wholly synthetic melanoma theraccine incorporating a group of critical antigens proved to be immunogenic to humans.

Key Words:

• melanoma
• vaccines
• active specific immunotherapy
• humans
• DETOX
• cytotoxic T lymphocytes
• CTL, CD4+ CTL, CD8+ CTL, HLA antigens
• subtractive hybridization
• melanoma-associated antigens
• MHC restriction
• CTL clones