Diagnostic Challenges in Inflammatory Choroidal Neovascular Membranes

ABSTRACT

Purpose: To describe the clinical presentations of inflammatory choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVMs) and factors leading to their delayed diagnosis.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of chart records and digital images of 60 patients (73 eyes) with inflammatory CNVM (January 1998 to December 2013) to obtain demographic and clinical details, particularly the time of the first documentation of inflammatory CNVM by the uveitis specialist, time of its actual appearance on digital images, and the earliest clinical indicators of a CNVM.

Results: In total, 14 (19.2%) eyes had a delayed diagnosis of inflammatory CNVMs, of which five developed significant visual loss. The earliest clinical indicators of CNVM that were overlooked initially due to their subtle appearance, included a tiny subretinal hemorrhage (five eyes), peripapillary halo/fluid/scar (eight eyes), and a subfoveal scar (one eye). The causes of uveitis in these eyes included Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease (five eyes, 35.7%), tubercular uveitis (five eyes, 35.7%), idiopathic (three eyes, 21.4%), and sympathetic ophthalmia (one eye, 7.1%). Presence of significant background fundus scarring, sunset glow fundus, visually significant cataract, poorly dilating pupil, media haze due to vitritis, cystoid macular edema, and multiple chorioretinal scars in these eyes probably predisposed to delayed detection of an underlying CNVM.

Conclusions: A high index of suspicion and comparison of serial fundus photographs to identify the earliest clues of inflammatory CNVMs are important to prevent diagnostic delays and poorer outcomes.

Keywords:

• Bevacizumab
• choroidal neovascular membrane
• diagnosis
• inflammation
• uveitis

DECLARATION OF INTEREST

The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.