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ABSTRACT
Purpose: To assess personal and demographic risk factors for proliferative diabetic retinopathy in African Americans with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: In this prospective, non-interventional, cross-sectional case-control study, 380 African Americans with type 2 diabetes were enrolled. Participants were recruited prospectively and had to have either: (1) absence of diabetic retinopathy after ≥10 years of type 2 diabetes, or (2) presence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy when enrolled. Dilated, 7-field fundus photographs were graded using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study scale. Covariates including hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), blood pressure, height, weight and waist circumference were collected prospectively. Multivariate regression models adjusted for age, sex and site were constructed to assess associations between risk factors and proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Results: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy was associated with longer duration of diabetes (odds ratio, OR, 1.62, p < 0.001), higher systolic blood pressure (OR 1.65, p < 0.001) and insulin use (OR 6.65, p < 0.001) in the multivariate regression analysis. HbA1C was associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy in the univariate analysis (OR 1.31, p = 0.002) but was no longer significant in the multivariate analysis.
Conclusions: In this case-control study of African Americans with type 2 diabetes, duration of diabetes, systolic hypertension and insulin use were strong risk factors for the development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Interestingly, HbA1C did not confer additional risk in this cohort.
Acknowledgments
Declaration of interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this article.
This study received financial support from: the American Diabetes Association Clinical Translational Research Award 1-11-CT-51, Alexandria, VA; NEI K12-EY16335, Bethesda, MD; Research to Prevent Blindness Career Development Award and William & Mary Greve Special Scholar Award, New York City, NY; Harvard Catalyst | The Harvard Clinical and Translations Science Center Faculty Fellowship, Boston, MA; Massachusetts Lions Eye Research Fund, Abington, MA; Eleanor and Miles Shore Fellowship, Boston, MA; and the Sara Elizabeth O’Brien Trust, Boston, MA.