Temozolomide induced c-Myc-mediated apoptosis via Akt signalling in MGMT expressing glioblastoma cells

Abstract

Purpose: We investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the cytotoxic effect of Temozolomide (TMZ) in both O⁶-methylguanine-DNA methyl transferase (MGMT) depleted as well as undepleted glioblastoma cell lines. Since TMZ is used in clinics in combination with radiotherapy, we also studied the effects of TMZ in combination with ionising radiation (IR).

Methods: Cell colony-forming ability was measured using a clonogenic assay. Cell cycle analysis and apoptosis were evaluated by Flow Cytometry (FCM). Proteins involved in cell cycle control were detected by Western blot and co-immunoprecipitation assays.

Results: Our data showed that TMZ, independent of MGMT expression, inhibited glioblastoma cell growth via an irreversible G₂ block in MGMT depleted cells or the induction of apoptosis in MGMT normal expressing cells. When TMZ was administered in combination with IR, apoptosis was greater than observed with either agent separately. This TMZ-induced apoptosis in the MGMT expressing cells occurred through Akt/Glycogen-Synthase-Kinase-3ß (GSK3ß) signalling and was mediated by Myelocytomatosis (c-Myc) oncoprotein. Indeed, TMZ phosphorylated/activated Akt led to phosphorylation/inactivation of GSK3ß which resulted in the stabilisation of c-Myc protein and subsequent modulation of the c-Myc target genes involved in the apoptotic processes.

Conclusion: c-Myc expression could be considered a good indicator of TMZ effectiveness.

Keywords:

• temozolomide
• irradiation
• apoptosis
• c-Myc activation
• Akt/GSK3β pathway
• glioblastoma cell lines

Acknowledgements

We thank Dr Donatella Amendola for her support in the Lab and Ioanna Karnou for her linguistic assistance.

Declaration of interest:

The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.