The induction of a radiation-induced bystander effect in fish transcends taxonomic group and trophic level

Abstract

Purpose: To extend the investigations of bystander effect induction in fish of the same species as the irradiated fish, to bystander effect induction between fish species and between trophic levels.

Materials and methods: To investigate interspecies bystander effect induction, zebrafish and medaka were irradiated with a 0.5 Gy X-ray dose and then swum with non-irradiated fish of the same and opposite species. To investigate trophic level bystander effect induction, California blackworms were irradiated with the same X-ray dose and then fed to non-irradiated rainbow trout.

Results: Reductions in clonogenic survival of the HPV-G (non-transformed human keratinocytes, immortalized with the human papilloma virus) reporter cell line, treated with tissue explant media, revealed that zebrafish and medaka induced a pro-apoptotic bystander effect in the other species and that, in trout, the normally anti-apoptotic effect caused by the consumption of non-irradiated blackworms was significantly reduced or lost if the blackworms had been irradiated.

Conclusions: These results are the first to show that a radiation- induced bystander effect can transcend taxonomic group and trophic level in fish. This provides further evidence that bystander signals are widespread and conserved and may be transmitted through an ecosystem, as well as between individuals of the same species.

Keywords::

• Interspecies bystander effect
• trophic level bystander effect
• ecological bystander effect conservation

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge our participation as non-funded third country partners in the European Union's Non-targeted effects programme. We would also like to express our grateful thanks to Dan Coughlin and Yi Yi, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, and to Michael Burke, David Bevan, Michael Kirk and Neil McBeth, Alma Aquaculture Research Station, University of Guelph, for the husbandry of the medaka and trout, respectively, used in this investigation.

Declaration of interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.

We acknowledge funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Industrial Chairs Programme, Canada Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) Owners Group, Bruce Power, The Canada Chairs Programme.