A single-group pilot feasibility study of cognitive behavioural therapy in people with multiple sclerosis with depressive symptoms

Abstract

Purpose: The aims were to evaluate (a) the feasibility of face-to-face cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in people with MS (PwMS) with depressive symptoms; (b) the feasibility of methods and measurements used; and (c) the outcome of the intervention before the conducting of an equivalence study of comparative methods of face-to-face CBT.

Design: A single-group pilot feasibility study.

Patients: PwMS (n = 15) with sub-threshold to moderate depressive symptoms, recruited at the Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.

Methods: The intervention consisted of 15–20 sessions of face-to-face CBT. Feasibility outcomes included recruitment rate, recruitment procedure and adverse events. Primary clinical outcome was the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Follow-ups were conducted after 3 weeks and 3 months. An estimated sample size calculation was conducted.

Results: The face-to-face CBT intervention, methods and measurements used were feasible. The outcome on BDI-II indicated that face-to-face CBT is an effective method for alleviating sub-threshold to moderate depressive symptoms in PwMS.

Conclusion: Face-to-face CBT is feasible for use in PwMS aiming at decrease depressive symptoms. For an equivalence study, a screening process for depressive symptoms and two comparative intervention arms including traditional face-to-face CBT and low-intensity face-to-face CBT is recommended. Primary outcomes should include the BDI-II and also assessment of anxiety symptoms.

Implications for Rehabilitation

• Depression is common among people with MS (PwMS), however, depressed PwMS do not always receive adequate treatment for depression which may lead to increased disability and worse health-related quality of life (HRQL).

• Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a psychological treatment method that might be beneficial for PwMS with depressive symptoms, but the evidence is still weak and further research is needed.

• The results from our pilot feasibility study demonstrate that for an effectiveness study of face-to-face CBT for PwMS with sub-threshold to moderate depressive symptoms the following points should be acknowledged.

• The design of an effectiveness study should be a randomized controlled trial including two treatment arms: traditional face-to-face CBT and a low-intensity face-to-face CBT.

• To increase the inclusion rate a screening process for depressive symptoms is recommended.

• Primary outcomes besides the Beck Depression Inventory-II should include the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in order to capture anxiety symptoms and the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale-29 to capture HRQL.

Keywords:

• Clinical
• cognitive behavioural therapy
• depression
• multiple sclerosis
• pilot projects
• psychological techniques
• psychology

Declaration of interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this article.