Horizontal gene transfer in human pathogens

Abstract

Horizontal gene transfer has a tremendous impact on the genome plasticity, adaptation and evolution of bacteria. Horizontally transferred mobile genetic elements are involved in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, thus contributing to the emergence of novel “superbugs”. This review provides update on various mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer and examines how horizontal gene transfer contributes to the evolution of pathogenic bacteria. Special focus is paid to the role horizontal gene transfer plays in pathogenicity of the emerging human pathogens: hypervirulent Clostridium difficile and Escherichia coli (including the most recent haemolytic uraemic syndrome outbreak strain) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which have been associated with largest outbreaks of infection recently.

• Clostridium difficile
• Escherichia coli
• horizontal gene transfer
• pathogenicity
• Staphylococcus aureus

Acknowledgements

The author expresses cordial thanks to all researchers who have contributed to advancements in investigation of horizontal gene transfer in pathogenic bacteria.

Declaration of interest

There are no conflicts of interests related to this manuscript.