Abstract
Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) induce proliferation in multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines via the αvβ3 integrin–mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. We further show in primary MM bone marrow (BM) samples (n = 9) induction of cell viability by 1 nM T3 (13%, p < 0.002) and more potently by 100 nM T4 (21–45%, p < 0.0002) and a quick (1 h) and long-lasting (24 h) pERK activation, which was inhibited in the presence of β3 but not β1 blocking antibodies. Involvement of the integrin was further shown by two disintegrins, Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) and echistatin peptides, which occluded the effects of T3/T4 on viability, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) (proliferation marker) and apoptotic gene expression. Lastly, T3/T4 significantly opposed bortezomib (25 nM) cytotoxicy, as confirmed by several methods. In summary, our results imply that endogenous thyroid hormones in myeloma are factors that may support cell growth, with relevance to bortezomib action.
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Acknowledgements
This work was partially supported by the Li Ka Shing Foundation (LKSF). The work of Keren Cohen was done in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a PhD degree from the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
Potential conflict of interest:
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Supplementary material available online
Tables showing patient data and primer sets for PCR analysis.