Potentiation of pro-inflammatory cytokine suppression and survival by microencapsulated dexamethasone in the treatment of experimental sepsis

Abstract

Cytokine inhibiting drugs are much more effective when delivered intracellularly to phagocytic cells in the microencapsulated form. Dexamethasone is a powerful inhibitor of TNF-α cytokine through inhibition of NF-κB which is a gene regulator of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines. We have determined the effect of microencapsulated dexamethasone in pro-inflammatory cytokine release both in in vitro using whole blood model, and in vivo using peritonitis model of septic shock. Microspheres of 1–4 μm mean size were prepared by using albumin polymer matrix in a one-step spray drying method. Microencapsulated form of dexamethasone with concentration of 10⁻¹, 10⁻² and 10⁻³ M was compared to an equivalent concentration of solution form of dexamethasone in the in vitro whole blood model. The results show microencapsulated dexamethasone inhibited tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-beta (IL-1β) significantly in comparison with the solution form of dexamethasone. The in vivo peritonitis model also demonstrated significant inhibition of TNF-α and IL-1β cytokines in microencapsulated form in comparison with solution form of dexamethasone. In the in vivo study, the animal survival rate after 5 days was 90%, dexamethasone in solution with gentamicin was 40% and gentamicin alone was 30%. This study demonstrates significantly improved inhibition of TNF-α and IL-1β both in vivo and in vitro when dexamethasone was used in microencapsulated form.

Keywords::

• Corticosteroids
• TNF-α
• IL-1β
• microsphere
• septic shock
• cytokine