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Abstract
The timeline follow-back (TLFB) interview was adopted to collect retrospective data on daily substance use and violence from 598 youth seeking care in an urban Emergency Department in Flint, Michigan during 2009–2011. Generalized linear mixed models with flexible smooth functions of time were employed to characterize the change in risk behaviors as a function of the length of recall period. Our results suggest that the 1-week recall period may be more effective for capturing atypical or variable patterns of risk behaviors, whereas a recall period longer than 2 weeks may result in a more stable estimation of a typical pattern.
THE AUTHORS
Anne Buu, Ph.D., is Research Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Research Center at the University of Michigan. Her research interests include longitudinal data analysis, bioinformatics, daily patterns of substance use and related health risk behaviors, and substance abuse prevention/intervention. She is the Principal Investigator of two methodology projects (K01 & R01) funded by the National Institutes of Health.
THE AUTHORS
Runze Li, Ph.D., is Distinguished Professor of Statistics and Professor of Public Health Sciences, a member of the Methodology Center, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. Dr. Li's research interest includes analysis of intensive longitudinal data, variable selection for high dimensional data, and statistical methodology applications to substance use research, life science research, and engineering research. His work has been funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the National Science Foundation. He has published in a broad assortment of methodological and substantive journals. Dr. Li is co-editor(in-chief) of Annals of Statistics, and served as Associate Editor of Annals of Statistics, Journal of American Statistical Association, and Statistica Sinica. Awards include NSF Career award, Fellow of Institute of Mathematical Statistics, Fellow of American Statistical Association and the United Nations’ World Meteorological Organization Gerbier-Mumm International Award for 2012.
THE AUTHORS
Maureen Walton, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Research Center at the University of Michigan. Her research interests include developing and testing the efficacy of interventions for alcohol, drug use, and violence in community health care settings, such as the emergency department, primary care, and substance use treatment. Her research focuses on the interrelationship among multiple risk behaviors such as alcohol, illicit drugs, and violence, particularly among traditionally understudied populations such as adolescents, women, and African-Americans.
THE AUTHORS
Hanyu Yang, Ph.D. student in Department of Statistics, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. Mr. Yang has interests in the intensive longitudinal data analysis, and its applications to substance use research.
THE AUTHORS
Marc A. Zimmerman, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Behavior and Health Education, and Psychology, at the University of Michigan. Dr. Zimmerman's research focuses on adolescent health and resiliency. He directs the CDC funded Prevention Research Center of Michigan and the CDC funded Youth Violence Prevention Center. His work includes both longitudinal studies of development and evaluation of community-based prevention programs. He is also editor of Youth & Society.
THE AUTHORS
Dr. Cunningham, Associate Professor, is in the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, and an Associate Professor, Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health. She is also Director of the University of Michigan Injury Center, has a distinguished career in researching intentional injury and substance use prevention, particularly of youth and young adult populations. Her focus on brief interventions in the emergency room has helped position the emergency department as a critical location for public health interventions, specifically for violence. She is currently leading two NIH-funded studies on substance abuse: one focusing on the intersection of youth violence and drug use, and one focusing on underage alcohol misuse and associated injury. She concurrently continues her work as a practicing Emergency Department physician at the University of Michigan Health System.
GLOSSARY
Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM): This is a commonly adopted longitudinal data analysis method that employs random effects to handle dependence among repeated measures within the same subject/cluster. It can accommodate to different measurement scales of the outcomes using different link functions (e.g., the identify link for continuous outcomes, the logit link for binary outcomes).
Timeline follow-back interview (TLFB): This is a technique that uses a calendar and structured interview to assist retrospective recall of daily alcohol consumption over a specified time period. It has also been adopted to assess a variety of other health risk behaviors such as drug use, violence, and HIV risk sexual behaviors.