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THE AUTHORS
Manuella Adrian, M.Sc.Hyg., researcher, writer, academician, manager. Her main research interests include addiction, substance use, and misuse (alcohol, drugs both legal and illegal, prescription psychoactive drugs, tobacco), population health, epidemiology, health economics, health care management and delivery, costs and cost-benefit analyses, special populations (women, youth, elderly, Natives), research methods (quantitative and qualitative), the construction of social, economic and health indicators, statistics and the visual display of information, public information and communication, and issues of governance and socio-cultural and physical environmental context. She has worked at the Addiction Research Foundation (ARF), Health and Welfare Canada, the Ministry of State for Science and Technology. She has taught at Florida International University, Nova Southeastern University. Her cross-appointments include, or have included, Guelph University, University of Kansas, Carleton University. She has been a consultant to the World Health Organization (WHO, Geneva), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO, Washington D.C.), and the Organization for the Control of Endemic Diseases in Africa. She is a member of the editorial board of Substance Use and Misuse.
Notes
7 Shortly after the publication of Einstein's general theory of relativity in 1915, the Russian mathematician Alexander Friedmann was surprised to discover that Einstein had failed to notice a remarkable prediction made by his equations: that the universe is expanding. This prediction was later confirmed by observations made by Edwin Hubble in the 1920s. cited in http://oaks.nvg.org/sa5ra17.html retrieved October 11, 2014
8 Self-medication may include the use of illegal substances, or the use of legal substances used in unapproved or illegal ways.
9 In Canada in the 1980s, alcohol- and tobacco-related taxes accounted for a combined 6% of all government revenue (see footnote 6, above).
10 http://www.target.com/p/bayer-chewable-aspirin-orange-flavor/-/A-15111332?ref=tgt_adv_XSG10001&AFID=google_pla_df&LNM= 15111332&CPNG=Health±Beauty&kpid=15111332&LID=17pgs& ci_src=17588969&ci_sku=15111332&kpid=15111332&gclid=CJf5 g6nfmMECFabm7AodhSUANg retrieved October 6, 2014,
11 The term “Minorities” is used here in the sense that within mainstream population there are subpopulations that are or were discriminated against on various grounds, such as religion, gender, social status, caste, language, accent, nationality, disability, ethnicity, race, age, region, etc.
12 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage#Anci- ent_times
13 Stimson GV, Metrebian N (2003) Prescribing Heroin: What Is The Evidence? http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/prescribing-heroin-what-evidence retrieved October 6, 2014.
14 Eardley N (2014) Heroin abuse—does the UK still have a problem? BBC News. May 2, 2014 http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-27235470 retrieved October 6, 2014.
15 King's College London(2012). Treatment Programmes For Chronic Heroin Addicts. http://www.kcl.ac.uk/ioppn/about/difference/RIOTT. aspx retrieved October 6, 2014.
16 National Association Of Drug Court Professionals (Undated) History Justice Professionals Pursue A Vision http://www.nadcp.org/learn/ what-are-drug-courts/drug-court-history
17 National Association Of Drug Court Professionals (Undated) What Are Drug Courts? The Most Effective Justice Strategy Addressing The Drug-Addicted And Mentally Ill… http://www.nadcp.org/learn/ what-are-drug-courts
18 Mitchell O, Wilson DB, Eggers A, MacKenzie DL (2012) Assessing the effectiveness of drug courts on recidivism: A meta-analytic review of traditional and non-traditional drug courts. Journal of Criminal Justice 40 (2012) 60–71 cited in http://www.courtinnovation.org/sites/ default/files/documents/Assessing_Effectiveness.pdf retrieved October 6, 2014.
19 Blum D (2010-02-19). The Chemist's War: The Little-told Story of How the U.S. Government Poisoned Alcohol During Prohibition with Deadly Consequences. Slate. Retrieved 2013-11-07. Cited in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States. Retrieved October 6, 2014
20 Time (1988) Drugs: War on Pot And Paraquat, Monday, July 25. http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,967951,00.html retrieved October 6, 2014.
21 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervised_injection_site#Impact_on_ public_nuisance retrieved October 6, 2014.
22 Strathdee SA, Vlahov D (2001). The effectiveness of needle exchange programs: A review of the science and policy. AIDScience Vol. 1, No. 16, December 2001, http://aidscience.org/Articles/aidscience013.asp retrieved October 6, 2014.
23 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needle_exchange_programme. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
24 Disease mongering is a relatively new perjorative term first used in 1992 by health writer Lynn Payer (Payer, Lynn (1992). Disease-mongers : how doctors, drug companies, and insurers are making you feel sick. New York: J. Wiley) to describe the process for: (1) expanding the diagnostic boundaries of illnesses into a stakeholder-bound, flawed, consensualized disease conceptualization, (2) promoting public awareness of the new constructed and professionally transmitted “disease”, or condition, (3) and creating and expanding the markets for those who sell and deliver treatments, (i.e. pharmaceutical companies, physicians, and other professional or consumer organizations.). Assessing the overall effect of the ever-increasing process of medicalization of human behaviors is complex owing to the inherently social, political and religious nature of the definitions of what constitutes a disease, health, and the even new concept of quality-of-life, among other influences, as well as what aspects of the human condition should be managed according to a medical model or with other treatment traditions.
25 Terroir is a French term used by oenologists to describe the wine characteristics due to soil composition, drainage, hilly vs. flat terrain, hours of sunshine or days of rain, average temperature during growth season, etc. Terroir is considered to account for flavor, aroma, potency due to agricultural methods or geo-physical environment where vines and, by extension, marijuana are grown.
26 Viz. Oscar-winning movie Sideways (2004),
27 Viz. Long-running (2004-2011) winner of numerous awards (BAFTA, Emmy, Golden Globes, and many others) HBO TV series Entourage
28 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/dope/etc/cron.html retrieved October 6, 2014
29 Cannabis ITHC) is one of the main psychoactive ingredients in both marijuana and hashish, but its concentration is much greater in hashish (40%) than in marijuana (10%) http://news.softpedia.com/news/What-039-s-The-Difference-Between-Hashish-and-Marijuana-51954.shtml retrieved October 4, 2014)
30 McArthur G Kari S (2013) Globe investigation: The Ford family's history with drug dealing. The Globe and Mail, Published Saturday, May. 25 2013, 3:00 AM EDT, cited in http://www.theglobeandmail. com/news/toronto/globe-investigation-the-ford-families-history-with-drug-dealing/article12153014/?page=al l retrieved October 5, 2014
31 Rob Ford on drug use: ‘You name it, I pretty well covered it’: Toronto mayor tells CBC drug use began long before he became mayor. CBC News Posted: Jul 02, 2014 7:43 AM ET Last Updated: Jul 02, 2014 10:15 PM ET cited in http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/rob-ford-on-drug-use-you-name-it-i-pretty-well-covered-it-1.2693774 retrieved October 5, 2014
32 Isaacson W (2011) Steve Jobs. Little, Brown & Company.
33 Cannabis use in Canada: A presentation at the first Issues of Substance Abuse Conference in Markham, Ontario. AFM (Addictions Foundation of Manitoba), cited in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country retrieved October 5, 2014
34 Toward a Global View of Alcohol, Tobacco, Cannabis, and Cocaine Use: Findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. July 2008, Volume 5, Issue 7, e141. PLoS Medicine (Public Library of Science). Cited in http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/fetchObject. action?representation=PDF&uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed. 0050141 retrieved October 5, 2014
35 Timeline of cannabis legalization in the United States. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_legalization_in_the_ United_States#States retrieved October 6, 2014.
36 Frosch D (2014) “ ‘Lab Rat’ Ads Warn Teens Of Pot Use.” The Wall Street Journal. Monday October 6, 2014, Page A3 Columns 1–4.
37 Which may partly account for the rise in smoking among girls and young women pursuing the current social ideal of a slim figure.
38 Lallanilla M (2013) 6 Party Drugs That May Have Health Benefits. Live Science. November 18, 2013 09:15am ET. http://www.livescience. com/41277-health-benefits-illegal-drugs.html Retrieved October 7, 2014
39 Zemeckis R. Flight (2012) Paramount.
40 Zinberg NE (1984) Drug, Set, and Setting: The Basis for Controlled Intoxicant Use. New Haven: Yale University Press
41 American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), 5th Ed; Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
42 Lettieri DJ et al (eds) (1980) Theories on Drug Abuse. NIDA Research Monograph No. 30, Rockville, MD: NIDA.
43 Adrian M (2003) How can sociological theory help our understanding of addictions? Substance Use and Misuse; 38(10):1385–1423.
44 Lightfoot L, Adrian M, Leigh G, Thompson J (1996) Substance Abuse Prevention A Review Of The Scientific Alternatives. in: Adrian M, Lundy C, Eliany M (eds.) (1996), Women's Use of Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs in Canada. Toronto: Addition Research Foundation, pp. 186–204.
45 Okrent D (2011) Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition. NY: Scribner.
46 Schrad ML (2014) Vodka Politics: Alcohol, Autocracy, and the Secret History of the Russian State. NY: Oxford University Press
47 Curto JC (2004) Enslaving Spirits: The Portuguese-Brazilian Alcohol Trade at Luanda and Its Hinterland, C. 1550–1830. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.
48 Einstein S (ed.) (2013) Special Issue on Substance Use(r) Intervention Failures. Substance Use and Misuse, 47:13–14.
49 Rittel H, Webber M (1973) Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning. Policy Sciences, Vol. 4, pp 155—16.
50 3M (2002)—A “Tolerance for Tinkerers.” A Century Of Innovation: The 3M Story. 3M Innovation. p 19. http://multimedia. 3m.com/mws/mediawebserver?6666660Zjcf6lVs6EVs666IMhCOrrrr Q- retrieved October 12, 2014.