Enhanced permeation parameters of optimized nanostructured simvastatin transdermal films: ex vivo and in vivo evaluation

Abstract

Objective: Detailed optimization process was carried out to enhance permeation parameters, and hence bioavailability, of simvastatin (SMV) transdermal films.

Methods: SMV solubility was investigated in various oils, surfactants and co-surfactants/co-solvents. Mixtures of the selected components were prepared to identify zone of nanoemulsion formation that was utilized in Extreme Vertices mixture design to develop SMV self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) with minimum globule size. Optimized SMV-SNEDDS were included in the preparation of transdermal films. A fractional factorial design was implemented to evaluate effects of the factors on the amount of SMV permeated. The optimized film was investigated for ex vivo skin permeation and in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters.

Results: The optimum SNEDDS formula was 0.09, 0.8 and 0.11 for Sefsol 218, tween 80 and PEG 200, respectively. Fractional factorial design depicted the optimized SMV transdermal film with 2% HPMC and 2% DMSO as permeation enhancer that showed 1.82-fold improvements in skin flux. The pharmacokinetic data showed higher C_max and almost doubled AUC compared with raw SMV-loaded films.

Conclusion: The two-step optimization implemented to optimize and control the experimental conditions for the preparation of SMV-SNEDDS-transdermal film with improved ex vivo skin permeation and enhanced in vivo parameters.

• Fractional factorial design
• mixture design
• simvastatin
• SNEDDS
• transdermal film

Declaration of interest

This article was supported by Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, grant number (166-007-D1433). The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.