Abstract
For the last two decades the immunotherapy of patients with solid and hematopoietic tumors has met with variable success. We have reviewed the field of tumor vaccines to examine what has worked and what has not, why this has been the case, how the anti-tumor responses were examined, and how we can make tumor immunity successful for the majority of individuals rather than for the exceptional patients who currently show successful immune responses against their tumors.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
Disclosure of interests: the authors declare no conflicts of interest.