Heart stroke volume, cardiac output, and ejection fraction in 265 normal fetus in the second half of gestation assessed by 4D ultrasound using spatio-temporal image correlation

Abstract

Objectives. The aim of this study was to establish nomograms for fetal stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and ejection fraction (EF) using four-dimensional ultrasound with spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) modality.

Methods. The fetal heart was scanned using STIC modality, starting with classic four-chamber view plane, during fetal quiescence with abdomen uppermost, at an angle of 20–30°, without color Doppler flow mapping. In post-processing virtual organ, computer-aided analysis technique was used to obtain a sequence of six sections of each ventricular volume in end-systolic volume (ESV) and end-diastolic volume (EDV). The SV (SV = EDV–ESV), CO (CO = SV × fetal heart rate), and EF (EF = SV/EDV) for each ventricle were then calculated. Intra- and interobserver agreement were then calculated.

Results. Two hundred sixty-five fetuses, ranging in gestational age (GA) from 20 to 34⁺⁶ weeks, were included in the study. The left and right SV and CO increased exponentially with gestation and EF remained fairly stable through gestational. Mean left and right SV increased from 0.211 ml and 0.220 ml at 20 weeks to 1.925 ml and 2.043 ml, respectively, at 34 weeks. Mean left and right CO increased from 30.25 ml/min and 31.52 ml/min at 20 weeks to 268.49 ml/min and 287.80 ml/min, respectively, at 34 weeks. Both left and right mean EF remained constant at around 0.63 with advancing GA. Nomograms were created for LSV, RSV, LCO, RCO, LEF, and REF vs. gestational age. Intra- and interobserver agreement reached 95%.

Conclusions. Four-dimensional ultrasound using STIC represents a simple and reproducible method for estimating fetal cardiac function. STIC seems to overcome many of the pitfalls of conventional ultrasound methods and has the potential to become the method of choice.

Keywords:

• 4D ultrasound
• stroke volume
• cardiac output
• ejection fraction
• STIC

Declaration of interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.