Evaluation of two algorithms for detecting human frequency-following responses to voice pitch

Abstract

Abstract

Objective. Voice pitch carries important cues for speech perception in humans. Recent studies have shown the feasibility of recording the frequency-following response (FFR) to voice pitch in normal-hearing listeners. The presence of such a response, however, has been dependent on subjective interpretation of experimenters. The purpose of this study was to develop and test an automated procedure including a control-experimental protocol and response-threshold criteria suitable for extracting FFRs to voice pitch, and compare the results to human judgments. Design. A set of four Mandarin tones (Tone 1 flat; Tone 2 rising; Tone 3 dipping; and Tone 4 falling) were prepared to reflect the four contrastive pitch contours. Two distinctive algorithms, short-term autocorrelation in the time domain and narrow-band spectrogram in the frequency domain, were used to estimate the Frequency Error, Slope Error, Tracking Accuracy, Pitch Strength and Pitch-Noise Ratio of the recordings from individual listeners as well as the power and false-positive rates of each algorithm. Study Sample. Eleven native speakers (five males; age: mean ± SD = 31.4 ± 4.7 years) of Mandarin Chinese were recruited. Results. The results demonstrated that both algorithms were suitable for extracting FFRs and the objective measures showed comparable results to human judgments. Conclusions. The automated procedure used in this study, including the use of the control-experimental protocol and response thresholds used for each of the five objective indices, can be used for difficult-to-test patients and may prove to be useful as an assessment and diagnostic method in both clinical and basic research efforts.

Sumario

La altura tonal de la voz contiene importantes claves para la percepción del habla en humanos. Estudios recientes mostraron la factibilidad de registrar la respuesta de seguimiento a la frecuencia (FFR), de la frecuencia vocal en normo-oyentes. No obstante, la presencia de esta respuesta ha sido dependiente de la interpretación subjetiva de los experimentadores. El propósito de este estudio fue desarrollar y probar un procedimiento automatizado, incluyendo un protocolo de control experimental y criterios de respuesta-umbral, apropiados para la extracción de FFRs de la frecuencia vocal y comparar los resultados con los juicios humanos. Se preparó un set de tonos del Mandarín (tono 1, plano; tono 2, ascendente; tono, 3 silbado y tono 4, descendente), para mostrar los cuatro contornos de frecuencia contrastante. Se usaron dos algoritmos distintivos, de auto-correlación a corto plazo, para estimar el error en la frecuencia y en el gradiente, la exactitud del rastreo, la fortaleza de la frecuencia y la relación tono-ruido de los registros de los oyentes individuales así como de la fuerza y las tasas de falsos positivos de cada algoritmo. Los resultados demostraron que ambos algoritmos fueron apropiados para extraer las FFRs y que las mediciones objetivas mostraron resultados comparables a los de los juicios humanos.

Key Words::

• Frequency-following response
• Algorithm
• Voice pitch
• Human

Acknowledgements

This study was supported in part by, (1) Advancing Academic-Research Career (AARC) Award, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, and (2) Scholarly Activity Award, Ohio University. Preliminary results of this study were presented at the American Auditory Society Annual Meeting held at the Chaparral Suites Resort, Arizona, March 5–7, 2009. The authors thank Dr. Ananthanarayan Krishnan for his insightful comments on the preliminary results of this work as well as Dr. Monita Chatterjee and three anonymous reviewers for their invaluable feedback that substantially enhanced the quality of this paper.

Declaration of interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.