Molecular mechanism of silver nanoparticles in human intestinal cells

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles are used in consumer products like food contact materials, drinking water technologies and supplements, due to their antimicrobial properties. This leads to an oral uptake and exposure of intestinal cells. In contrast to other studies we found no apoptosis induction by surfactant-coated silver nanoparticles in the intestinal cell model Caco-2 in a previous study, although the particles induced oxidative stress, morphological changes and cell death. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the molecular mechanism of silver nanoparticles in Caco-2 cells. We used global gene expression profiling in differentiated Caco-2 cells, supported by verification of the microarray data by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and microscopic analysis, impedance measurements and assays for apoptosis and oxidative stress. Our results revealed that surfactant-coated silver nanoparticles probably affect the cells by outside-in signaling. They induce oxidative stress and have an influence on canonical pathways related to FAK, ILK, ERK, MAPK, integrins and adherence and tight junctions, thereby inducing transcription factors like AP1, NFkB and NRF2, which mediate cellular reactions in response to oxidative stress and metal ions and induce changes in the cytoskeleton and cell–cell and cell–matrix contacts. The present data confirm the absence of apoptotic cell death. Non-apoptotic, necrotic cell death, especially in the intestine, can cause inflammation and influence the mucosal immune response.

• Caco-2 cells
• in vitro
• microarray
• oral
• silver nanoparticles

Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to Albert Braeuning for commenting and proofreading this work and Hedwig Lammert and Dido Lenze for the microarray analysis.

Declaration of interest

We declare no conflict of interest. This work was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, LA-1177/9-1).

Supplementary material available online

Supplementary Figures S1-S15 and Tables S1–S2