Surgical anatomy of the superior orbit on ultra-high-resolution MRI at 9.4 Tesla

Abstract

Background: A good understanding of the anatomical details is required to ensure optimal results during surgery of the orbit. Several indications for orbital surgery require biopsy, resection, or reconstructive procedures. The intricate relationships between the orbital septum and adjacent structures of the upper orbit can cause difficulties in interpreting the surgical anatomy of this region. The purpose of this study was to acquire further insight into the anatomy of the superior part of the orbit, with special attention paid to the orbital septum. Methods: An ex-vivo study was performed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 9.4 Tesla (isotropic resolution = 20 μm) on six human cadaver specimens to examine the superior-medial half of the orbit. To visualise the posterior layers of the upper orbit, a dissection of three of the orbits was performed prior to the MRI examination, and a flexible PVC sheet was introduced above the levator muscle. Results: The technique enabled a visualisation of anatomically important landmarks of the anterior and posterior parts of the upper orbit at a resolution near histological levels; to the authors’ knowledge, this visualisation has not been reported previously. A posterior continuation of the orbital septum, which forms a distinct anatomical structure, is revealed. Conclusions: The posterior aspect of the orbital septum separates the levator muscle and the orbital fat pad. Between these two structures, a surgical corridor is formed using MRI, enabling alternative access to the superior part of the orbit; this alternative access might be less invasive because the orbital septum remains undamaged.

Key Words:

• Ultra-high-resolution MRI
• orbit
• orbital septum
• orbital anatomy
• orbital surgery

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Geir Qvale for providing excellent technical support. This study was supported by Blindemission IL, The Norwegian Association of the Blind and Partially Sighted, The Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital.

Declaration of interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.