Fungi evolved right on track

Abstract

Dating of fungal divergences with molecular clocks thus far has yielded highly inconsistent results. The origin of fungi was estimated at between 660 million and up to 2.15 billion y ago, and the divergence of the two major lineages of higher fungi, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, at between 390 million y and up to 1.5 billion y ago. Assuming that these inconsistencies stem from various causes, we reassessed the systematic placement of the most important fungal fossil, Paleopyrenomycites, and recalibrated internally unconstrained, published molecular clock trees by applying uniform calibration points. As a result the origin of fungi was re-estimated at between 760 million and 1.06 billion y ago and the origin of the Ascomycota at 500–650 million y ago. These dates are much more consistent than previous estimates, even if based on the same phylogenies and molecular clock trees, and they are also much better in line with the fossil record of fungi and plants and the ecological interdependence between filamentous fungi and land plants. Our results do not provide evidence to suggest the existence of ancient protolichens as an alternative to explain the ecology of early terrestrial fungi in the absence of land plants.

• Ediacaran
• Eurotiomycetes
• Late Proterozoic
• Lecanoromycetes
• Pezizomycotina
• protolichens
• Sordariomycetes
• Vendian

This paper was compiled as a precursor to a dating study of the lichen family Graphidaceae in the frame of the project Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Ostropalean Fungi (NSF DEB 0516116; PI Lumbsch, Co-PI Lücking). Matthew Nelsen and two anonymous reviewers provided valuable comments to improve this manuscript.