The trifunctional antibody catumaxomab amplifies and shapes tumor-specific immunity when applied to gastric cancer patients in the adjuvant setting

Abstract

Background: Patients with gastric cancer benefit from perioperative chemotherapy, however, treatment is toxic and many patients will relapse. The trifunctional antibody catumaxomab targets EpCAM on tumor cells, CD3 on T cells, and the Fcγ-receptor of antigen-presenting cells. While in Europe catumaxomab is approved for treating malignant ascites, it has not been investigated in the perioperative setting and its exact immunological mode of action is unclear.

Methods: In our study, gastric cancer patients received neoadjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy, one intraoperative application of catumaxomab, and 4 postoperative doses of intraperitoneal catumaxomab. Immunomonitoring was performed in 6 patients before surgery, after completion of catumaxomab treatment, and one month later.

Results: Intraperitoneal application of catumaxomab caused an increased expression of activation markers on the patients’ T cells. This was accompanied by a transient decrease in numbers of CXCR3⁺ effector T cells with a T-helper (Th)-1 phenotype in the peripheral blood. All patients evidenced pre-existing EpCAM-specific CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺ T cells. While these cells transiently disappeared from the blood stream after intraperitoneal application of catumaxomab, we detected increased numbers of peripheral EpCAM-specific cells and a modified EpCAM-specific T-cell repertoire 4 weeks after completion of treatment. Finally, catumaxomab also amplified humoral immunity to tumor antigens other than EpCAM.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that catumaxomab exerts its clinical effects by (1) activating peripheral T cells, (2) redistributing effector T cells from the blood into peripheral tissues, (3) expanding and shaping of the pre-existing EpCAM-specific T-cell repertoire, and (4) spreading of anti-tumor immunity to different tumor antigens.

Keywords: :

• catumaxomab
• gastric cancer
• tumor immunology
• adjuvant immunotherapy
• T cells
• EpCAM

Introduction

Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide with 5-year survival rates of less than 20%.¹ When diagnosed at an early stage, surgery can be performed with a curative intent, however, 20–50% of patients will eventually relapse.^2–7 It has long been proposed that adjuvant chemotherapy might improve the perspective of patients with operable gastric cancer and a number of phase III trials have been conducted, however, definitive evidence of the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy is still missing.⁸ Randomized trials have demonstrated that in patients with operable gastric or lower esophageal adenocarcinomas, the application of perioperative chemotherapy leads to a decrease in tumor size and stage and improves survival. However, chemotherapy causes significant toxicity and, accordingly, in the pivotal MAGIC study only ~40% of patients were capable of completing postoperative chemotherapy consisting of epirubicin/cisplatin/fluorouracil.³ Therefore, the integration of adjuvant/perioperative approaches which are effective, more specific and less toxic seems desirable for improving the multimodal therapy of gastric cancer.

It has repeatedly been shown that an infiltration of the tumor tissue by lymphocytes,⁹ in particular by memory T cells,^10,11 has a beneficial effect on the survival of patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma or gastric cancer after potentially curative surgery. Unfortunately, immunotherapeutic approaches actively promoting the immune control of gastric cancer have not been available. The trifunctional monoclonal antibody catumaxomab binds to three different structures: its mouse IgG2a chain binds to the human tumor antigen EpCAM, its rat IgG2 chain binds to the human pan-T-cell antigen CD3 and a third functional section within the hybrid Fc region binds to Fcγ receptor type I and type III-expressing accessory cells. Animal models and in vitro experiments have suggested that the effect of catumaxomab is based on the simultaneous and direct activation of various components of the cellular immune system in the immediate tumor environment.^12–18 However, catumaxomab’s exact mode of action is still unclear and it is unknown whether catumaxomab given intraperitoneally elicits a specific local or systemic immune response against its target antigen EpCAM.

Based on a randomized phase II/III trial, which showed a significantly prolonged puncture-free survival in the catumaxomab group (median 46 d) when compared with the group receiving paracentesis alone (median 11 d), catumaxomab was approved in Europe for the treatment of malignant ascites.¹⁹ Applied as a peritoneal infusion, catumaxomab not only reduces malignant ascites in cancer patients but also decreases the number of tumor cells in the peritoneal cavity.^19–22 The presence of free intraperitoneal malignant cells represents a negative prognostic factor in patients with gastric cancer undergoing a potentially curative resection.^23–25 These findings suggest that single cells, exfoliated from the surface of the primary cancer, are responsible for peritoneal dissemination, which is a very frequent pattern of recurrence in gastric carcinoma patients.^2,4–7 In the perioperative or adjuvant settings, intraperitoneal chemotherapy has been applied to eradicate these remaining tumor cells,²⁶ however, results are far from being optimal. Therefore, we set up a clinical trial investigating if catumaxomab can be safely applied as part of a multimodal perioperative therapy and whether this might improve the prognosis of gastric cancer patients. The study is currently at two years of follow-up and clinical results will be demonstrated separately. We herein report the results of a detailed analysis of the immunological consequences of catumaxomab when applied intraperitoneally to gastric cancer patients in the adjuvant setting.

Results

Catumaxomab treatment induces a broad T-cell activation and redistribution of Th1-type memory T cells

While EpCAM protein is absent from or only weakly expressed in normal gastric mucosa, up to 90% of patients with gastric cancer evidence an overexpression of EpCAM in their tumors as indicated by immunohistochemistry.²⁷ For the purpose of this study (Fig. 1A), however, we specifically determined EpCAM expression in all 6 patients treated at our center by immunohistochemistry. Importantly, we detected strong expression of EpCAM protein in all cases (Fig. 1B), with > 90% of tumor cells expressing the antigen, indicating that in our patients EpCAM indeed represented a meaningful target for catumaxomab treatment. Interestingly, even before the first administration of catumaxomab we observed in all 6 patients included an infiltration of the EpCAM-positive tumor tissues by varying numbers of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells (Fig. 1B). This finding showed that basic numbers of this second cell type theoretically participating in the therapeutic effects of catumaxomab were already in close proximity to EpCAM-expressing tumor cells targeted by the antibody.

Figure 1. Tumors of gastric cancer patients treated with catumaxomab show strong expression of EpCAM and pre-therapeutic infiltration by CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells. (A) Within the IP-CAT-GC-03 trial, a total of 6 patients were treated at our center with intraperitoneal (i.p.) catumaxomab as shown. Blood samples (Pre, Post, EOT) for immunomonitoring were collected at three time-points as indicated by red bars. (B) Resected tumors from all 6 gastric cancer patients were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (magnification × 400). Consecutive cuts are shown from the block of one representative subject (patient GC-3). In addition to a routine H&E stain, tumor samples were analyzed for the expression of EpCAM protein as well as for the presence of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells.

When we analyzed the effect of intraperitoneal catumaxomab application on the distribution of different lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood, we did not observe any convincing effect on percentages of CD4⁺ T cells, CD4⁺CD25⁺FOXP3⁺ T regulatory cells (Tregs), γ/δ T cells, and CD3⁺CD56⁺ natural killer T (NKT) cells when compared with baseline levels (data not shown). However, it seemed that catumaxomab induced a slight increase in the peripheral numbers of CD8⁺ T cells and a more pronounced rise in CD3^-/CD56⁺ natural killer (NK) cells, in particular at later timepoints (Fig. 2A).

Figure 2. Catumaxomab induces a mobilization of CD8⁺ T cells and NK cells and an activation of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells. (A) The catumaxomab-induced redistribution of lymphocytes subsets was analyzed in patients with gastric cancer (n = 6) shortly before surgery was performed (Pre), on day 17 after gastrectomy following infusion of the final dose of catumaxomab (Post), and 4 weeks after the last catumaxomab application (EOT) using four-color flow cytometry. Analysis was performed using a combination of a morphological lymphocyte gate and gates for CD8⁺ T cells (CD3⁺CD8⁺) and NK cells (CD3^-CD56⁺), respectively. Logarithmically plotted values depict individual changes during treatment in comparison to results at baseline (Pre). (B) Fold changes in percentages of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells expressing activation markers CD69 and HLA-DR, respectively, were evaluated for the same patients and time points. Each patient (GC-01 to GC-06) is indicated by a separate symbol as given below the figure.

We next performed a serial analysis of the effect of catumaxomab treatment on the in vivo expression of different markers indicating the activation status and cytotoxic potential of the patients’ T cells. We did not observe any changes in CD4⁺ or CD8⁺ T cells expressing granzyme B, perforin, or CD107a (data not shown). However, we found a strong increase in CD4⁺ T cells (in 4/6 patients) and CD8⁺ T cells (in 5/6 patients), positive for the “early” activation marker CD69 after completion of catumaxomab treatment (Table 1 and Fig. 2B). In accordance with this finding, we observed a rise in CD4⁺ (in 5/6 patients) and CD8⁺ T cells (in 6/6 patients) expressing the “late” activation marker HLA-DR after another 4 weeks had passed (Fig. 2B).

Table 1. Distribution of mechanistic elements across all patients (n = 6)

	Immune mechanisms
	T cell activation^†		T cell redistribution^†		EpCAM-specific T cells^‡		Amplification of humoral immunity
Patients	↑ CD69^+/CD4^+ T cells	↑ CD69^+/CD8^+ T cells	↓ CXCR3^+/CD4^+ T cells	↓ CXCR3^+/CD8^+ T cells	↑ numbers post treatment	↑ numbers at EOT	↑ IgG titers at EOT
GC-01	+	+	+	+	+	-	+
GC-02	+	+	+	+	+	+	-
GC-03	+	+	-	-	+	+	+
GC-04	-	-	+	+	+	+	+
GC-05	-	+	+	+	+	-	-
GC-06	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Total no. (%)	4 (66,7)	5 (83,3)	5 (83,3)	5 (83,3)	6 (100,0)	4 (66,7)	4 (66,7)

Numbers and percentages of patients in whom the respective catumaxumab-induced immune mechanism was present (+) or absent (-) are indicated. ^†Patients evidencing the given immune mechanism after infusion of the final dose of catumaxomab (Post). ^‡Patients affected by the immune mechanism compared with numbers at baseline. EOT, end of treatment; IgG, immunoglobulin G.

Catumaxomab causes CXCR3⁺ Th1-type T cells to egress from the peripheral blood

Chemokines are small proteins that direct the movement of circulating leukocytes to sites of inflammation or injury within peripheral tissues. Investigating whether catumaxomab treatment would specifically influence T cell subsets expressing certain chemokine receptors, we did not observe any convincing effect on the distribution of naïve/memory T-cell subpopulations as characterized by the expression of CD45RA and/or CCR7. We also did not detect a discriminating role of the expression of chemokine receptor CCR6 on the behavior of the patients’ T cells under the influence of catumaxomab (data not shown).

In contrast, we observed a dramatic effect of the intraperitoneal application of catumaxomab on the peripheral numbers of CD4⁺ T cells, and to a lesser extent also CD8⁺ T cells (Table 1), expressing chemokine receptor CXCR3 (Fig. 3A and B). At baseline, 20–30% of all CD4⁺ T cells were usually positive for CXCR3, a chemokine receptor which is preferentially found on T cells with a T-helper type 1 (Th1) phenotype.²⁸ However, treatment with catumaxomab practically resulted in a depletion of CXCR3-expressing T cells from the peripheral blood of 5 out of 6 patients (Table 1) and numbers had only returned to baseline levels 4 weeks after the last catumaxomab dose had been applied (Fig. 3A and B). Interestingly, a comparable phenomenon was not observed for T cells expressing CCR4 (Fig. 3B), a chemokine receptor which is predominantly found on T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells.²⁹

Figure 3. Application of catumaxomab causes CXCR3+ Th1-type T cells to leave the peripheral blood. (A) The catumaxomab-induced redistribution of lymphocytes as characterized by the expression of different chemokine receptors was analyzed in the peripheral blood of our patients (n = 6) shortly before surgery was performed (Pre), following infusion of the final dose of catumaxomab (Post), and 4 weeks after completion of catumaxomab treatment (EOT) using flow cytometry. Dot plots demonstrating the expression of chemokine receptor CXCR3 on CD4⁺ T cells at the different time points are shown for two representative patients. (B) Results for CD4⁺ T cells being either CXCR3⁺CCR4⁻ (left) or CCR4⁺CXCR3⁻ (right) are shown for all patients (see legend of Fig. 2 regarding symbols for individual patients). Data are plotted logarithmically and depict fold changes in percentages of the given lymphocyte subset during treatment in comparison to results at baseline.

Application of catumaxomab leads to an amplification and shaping of pre-existing T-cell responses against EpCAM

Next, we asked the question whether the marked effects of catumaxomab on the distribution of effector-type T cells in our patients would also translate into a modulation of EpCAM-specific immunity. In order to amplify pre-existing antigen-specific memory T cells, we subjected our patients CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells to one round of stimulation with a pool of overlapping peptides covering the complete amino acid sequence of EpCAM. Thereafter, we performed an IFN-γ ELISPOT using autologous targets pulsed with the same peptides combined in pools or as single peptides. Interestingly, we found that all 6 patients evidenced CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺ T cells directed against EpCAM even before EpCAM-targeting catumaxomab was applied for the first time (Fig. 4A–C). At baseline, CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell specificities were equally distributed between a number of different epitopes within the sequence of the full-length antigen (Fig. 4A).

Figure 4. Application of catumaxomab results in an amplified and remodelled T-cell response against tumor antigen EpCAM. Patients with gastric cancer were analyzed before surgery was performed (Pre), following infusion of the final dose of catumaxomab (Post), and 4 weeks after completion of catumaxomab treatment (EOT). Frequencies of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells directed against 31 overlapping 20mer EpCAM peptides were determined in an ELISPOT assay following a single cycle of antigen-specific stimulation. (A) Black bars indicate numbers of patients evidencing CD4⁺ (upper lane) and/or CD8⁺ T-cell responses (lower lane) against 6 different pools of 5–6 peptides each at the given timepoints. (B) Exemplary IFN-γ ELISPOT results of patients GC-02 and GC-06 for CD4⁺ (two upper lanes) and CD8⁺ (two lower lanes) T-cell responses against single EpCAM peptides. Per well, 50 000 effector T cells were analyzed, background responses against irrelevant SSX2 peptide were usually < 10 spots/50 000 cells. (C) Frequencies of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells directed against individual EpCAM epitopes at the three timepoints (Pre, Post, EOT) are shown. Dots indicate spot numbers in ELISPOT assays with EpCAM peptide-pulsed target cells (T-APC) for 4 patients in whom the same individual EpCAM epitope was detectable at least at two of the three timepoints.

In accordance with our findings regarding CXCR3-positive Th1-type T cells, we found that detectable IFN-γ-secreting EpCAM-specific effector-type T cells had completely disappeared from the peripheral blood of all 6 patients (Table 1) after the application of the final dose of catumaxomab (Fig. 4A–C). At this time point, nearly all baseline responses against pools of overlapping EpCAM 20mer peptides had vanished (Fig. 4A) and we were not able to detect any T cells specific for single HLA class I- and II-restricted peptide epitopes we had previously identified (Fig. 4B and C).

In marked contrast, CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell responses against EpCAM had reappeared 4 weeks after the last catumaxomab application (EOT) and in 4 out of 6 patients T-cell responses against pooled EpCAM peptides were even stronger than the ones recorded at baseline (Table 1). Accordingly, at EOT we observed enhanced responses against a number of single T cell epitopes we had identified when compared with baseline reactivity (Fig. 4B and C). However, we did not only notice an amplification of pre-existing EpCAM-specific T-cell responses, it also seemed that catumaxomab treatment had resulted in a shaping of the tumor antigen-specific T-cell repertoire in the sense that responses against certain areas of the protein sequence had disappeared while others (i.e., CD4⁺ T-cell responses against amino acid region 1–60) were much more frequent than before the initiation of catumaxomab treatment (Fig. 4A).

We next aimed at further describing the functional quality of the EpCAM-specific T-cell responses amplified and shaped by catumaxomab treatment. Among CD4⁺ cells, T regulatory cells (Tregs) represent a main obstacle of an effective anti-tumor T-cell response³⁰ and might even be induced by immunotherapy³¹ thus undermining a clinically relevant immune response. Performing intracellular staining for Th1-type cytokine IFN-γ, we detected a significant expansion of EpCAM-specific CD4⁺ T cells in the peripheral blood of patient GC-03 after completion of treatment with catumaxomab (Fig. 5A). Importantly, these EpCAM-specific T cells, even after in vitro stimulation, did not co-express FOXP3, the most specific Treg marker to date,³² suggesting that most of the EpCAM-targeting T cells amplified by catumaxomab indeed represented Th1-type memory effector cells.

Figure 5. Application of catumaxomab results in an expansion of effector-type T cells, and not Tregs, in the peripheral blood and in the tumor environment. (A) Intracellular cytokine staining followed by flow cytometry was performed using CD4⁺ T cells of patient GC-02 after one round of in vitro sensitization with pooled EpCAM peptides. Representative results of intracellular co-staining of IFN-γ and FOXP3 are shown for EpCAM^1–20-specific CD4⁺ T cells obtained before initiation of catumaxomab therapy (Pre) and 4 weeks after completion of treatment (EOT). Dot plots show responses against the individual EpCAM peptide (upper row) and an SSX2 control peptide (lower row). (B) Bar graphs indicate mean numbers (+SEM) of CD4⁺ T cells specific for EpCAM amino acid region 151–210 (black bar) or control peptide SSX2 (white bar) within the malignant effusion of patient GC-02. Original ELISPOT data demonstrate spot numbers per well at 50 000 CD4⁺ T cells per well after presensitization with pooled EpCAM peptides.

Interestingly, we could demonstrate that in the same patient EpCAM-specific effector-type T cells were also present in the immediate tumor environment. Patient GC-02 had developed a transient non-malignant ascites due to a local infection shortly after initiation of catumaxomab treatment. At this timepoint we detected significant numbers of CD4⁺ T cells specific for EpCAM amino acid region 151–210 in the patient’s benign effusion (Fig. 5B), suggesting that EpCAM-specific T cells had indeed left the patient’s peripheral blood in order to travel into the immediate tumor environment.

Catumaxomab therapy also improves immune responses against tumor antigens other than EpCAM

Finally, we performed a broad analysis of autologous antibody responses against tumor antigens apart from EpCAM in order to answer the question whether the application of immunostimulating catumaxomab would lead to some form of antigen spreading. We analyzed our patients’ sera for immunoreactivity against a total number of 24 tumor antigens, most of which belonged to the strictly tumor-specific family of cancer-testis (CT) antigens (Table S1), a class of tumor-associated proteins, which are, apart from normal testis tissue, only expressed by malignant cells. Consequently, if a humoral response against these targets developed under catumaxomab treatment, this would mean that the agent indeed broadens tumor-specific immunity and does not simply cause, for example, unspecific autoimmune phenomena.

We did not at any of the three timepoints analyzed detect autologous IgG antibody responses against EpCAM (data not shown). This observation would be in agreement with a previous study suggesting that EpCAM only rarely induces spontaneous autoantibodies against native protein.² In contrast, in some of the patients we found baseline responses against a total number of 6 CT antigens, however, these responses were mostly low-titered (Fig. 6). Following application of catumaxomab, most of the pre-existing humoral responses increased in intensity and, in addition, in some patients, tumor-directed antibody responses even newly developed (Fig. 6). This observation suggested to us that catumaxomab is capable of amplifying pre-existing anti-tumor immune responses against a variety of targets and might even lead to spreading of immune responses from EpCAM to other tumor antigens.

Figure 6. Broad catumaxomab-induced modulation of humoral anti-tumor immunity. Lines indicate antibody responses against 6 different CT antigens in gastric cancer patients receiving catumaxomab in the adjuvant setting. Reciprocal IgG antibody titers against recombinant protein of the given CT antigen were measured by ELISA and are shown for two timepoints: before initiation of catumaxomab therapy (Pre) and 4 weeks after completion of treatment (EOT).

Discussion

In Europe, the trifunctional antibody catumaxomab has been approved for the treatment of malignant ascites caused by solid epithelial tumors and clinical studies are underway investigating its therapeutic efficacy in other indications. The exact immunological mode of action of catumaxomab, however, had remained unclear and we have here highlighted at least 4 different routes through which this immunotherapeutic agent seems to exert its effects on human tumors in vivo.

First, when applied as an adjuvant therapy, catumaxomab causes a prolonged activation of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells. It is well known that the process of T-cell activation is associated with de novo expression of surface molecules like CD69 and HLA-DR without requiring contact with the target antigen.³³ The two surface molecules show different kinetics with CD69 representing one of the earliest T-cell activation markers whereas HLA-DR expression indicates long-term activation. It has previously been indicated that catumaxomab treatment might result in an increased expression of CD69 on T cells.²² We have shown here that in vivo, in addition to the expression of this short-term activation marker, catumaxomab also induces a prolonged activation of T cells as indicated by an enhanced expression of HLA-DR.

Unfortunately, in a number of clinical immunotherapy studies tumor progression occurred despite the induction of high numbers of tumor-specific T cells in the peripheral blood.^34,35 A main reason for this failure of immunotherapeutic approaches seems to be that the effector T cells generated do not travel efficiently enough into the tumor tissue.^36,37 On the other hand, it has repeatedly been suggested that the trifunctional antibody catumaxomab might enhance antitumor activity by redirecting T cells into the tumor,^38,39 however, definitive experimental proof for this hypothesis has been lacking. We show here for the first time that treatment with catumaxomab specifically results in the depletion of CXCR3-expressing T cells from the peripheral blood of the patients followed by a return to baseline levels 4 weeks after the last catumaxomab dose had been applied. We believe that this phenomenon is based on the redistribution of this particular T-cell subtype from the peripheral blood into peripheral tissues, an idea that would be supported by a recent in vitro study indicating that catumaxomab promotes the transendothelial migration of activated T cells.⁴⁰

Chemokine receptor CXCR3 is preferentially expressed by effector T cells with a Th1 phenotype²⁸ and traditionally T cells secreting Th1 cytokines (i.e., IFN-γ, TNF-α) have been considered critically important for the induction of cellular immunity and the generation of a relevant anti-tumor response in vivo.⁴¹ It has also repeatedly been shown that the mobilization of Th1-type effector T cells into the tumor tissue and subsequent anti-tumor effects are mediated by chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands CXCL9 and CXCL10^42–47 and that, consequently, the presence of CXCR3⁺ T cells within the tumor has a positive influence on the patients’ outcome.^42,44,48 The antigens targeted by these prognostically relevant tumor-infiltrating T cells, however, have largely remained unidentified.

So far, no comprehensive analysis of spontaneous CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell responses against EpCAM has been performed. In our current study we detected T-cell responses comprising a large number of epitopes within the EpCAM sequence even before catumaxomab was applied for the first time. We observed two different effects of catumaxomab treatment on the EpCAM-specific T-cell repertoire. First, we found that EpCAM-specific CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, comparably to the finding with CXCR3-positive T cells, entirely disappeared from the patients’ peripheral blood after completion of catumaxomab treatment. Four weeks later, EpCAM-specific cells reappeared and in most cases the numbers of T cells targeting this tumor antigen were even higher than at baseline. Second, we found that after re-appearance in the peripheral blood the T-cell repertoire seemed more restricted to certain epitopes with the EpCAM sequence. We believe that this amplification and shaping of the EpCAM-specific memory T-cell repertoire is most likely due to a catumaxomab-induced re-exposure of pre-existing memory T cells to the target antigen.

It has recently been suggested that tumor antigen EpCAM might promote cancer immune evasion by favoring the development of Th2-type T cells.⁴⁹ Here, we have shown that the EpCAM-specific T cells, at least after catumaxomab-induced amplification and shaping of the responses, clearly express the phenotype of Th1-type effector T cells. This observation suggests that the EpCAM-specific cells represent one subgroup within the CXCR3-positive T cell compartment which might be guided into the tumor tissue following the application of catumaxomab—an idea that would further be supported by our observation of EpCAM-specific T cells infiltrating the peritoneal cavity after catumaxomab treatment.

It has been postulated that the activation of more than one class of immune effector cell is required for an optimal antitumor efficiency of catumaxomab treatment.¹⁸ In vitro experiments have shown that catumaxomab through binding to their Fcγ receptor is capable of activating and maturing antigen-presenting cells¹⁸ Enhanced phagocytosis, processing, and presentation of tumor material by antigen-presenting cells might subsequently result in the induction of a polyclonal humoral and cellular catumaxomab-induced immune response against a variety of tumor antigens beyond EpCAM. Considering it possible that such an “antigen spreading” might in part be responsible for the therapeutic effect of catumaxomab, we analyzed our patients’ sera for immunoreactivity against a large number of tumor antigens apart from EpCAM, most of which belonged to the strictly tumor-specific CT antigen family. We found that following catumaxomab application, most of the pre-existing tumor-specific humoral responses increased in intensity and in some patients we even observed a de novo development of CT antigen-specific antibody responses. This observation suggested to us that catumaxomab is capable of amplifying pre-existing anti-tumor immune responses against a variety of targets and might even lead to spreading of immune responses from EpCAM to other tumor antigens.

Limitations of our current study include the small sample size and the lack of a control group, however, we would still suggest that catumaxomab, when applied as an adjuvant therapy, causes an activation of peripheral T cells, a redistribution of effector T cells from the blood into peripheral tissues, an expansion and shaping of the pre-existing tumor-specific T-cell repertoire, and spreading of humoral anti-tumor immunity to tumor antigens other than EpCAM. These findings highlight different routes through which catumaxomab might exert its effects in the adjuvant and maybe also in the metastasized clinical setting.

Methods

Patients and design of the clinical study

A total of 54 patients were included into this multicenter, open-label, single-arm, phase II trial (IP-CAT-GC-03). Out of this collective, 6 patients were enrolled at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf and immunomonitoring was performed for this subgroup of patients. The clinical investigation was conducted according to the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki and the trial had received approval from the ethics committee of the Ärztekammer Hamburg. All patients had provided written informed consent. Patients suffered from non-metastasized, nodal-positive or -negative gastric cancer with a T2–4 status according to the TNM classification. All patients received neoadjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy followed by en-bloc gastrectomy. Antibody treatment consisted of one intraoperative 10 µg bolus of catumaxomab (Removab^®, Trion Pharma) applied into the peritoneum followed by 4 consecutive 3-h infusions of catumaxomab at escalating (10µg, 20µg, 50µg, 150µg) doses (Fig. 1A). Adjuvant catumaxomab was applied intraperitoneally (i.p.) via an abdominal port on days 7, 10, 13, and 16 post surgery. Serum and peripheral blood were obtained from all patients treated at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf shortly before surgery was performed (Pre), on day 17 after gastrectomy following infusion of the final dose of catumaxomab (Post), and 4 weeks after the last catumaxomab application (“end of treatment”; EOT).

Proteins and peptides

Recombinant full-length proteins of a total number of 22 cancer-testis antigens as well was of the tumor-associated carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and partial protein AKAP4 comprising amino acids 1–100 were obtained for our serological analyses (Table S1). Recombinant influenza nucleoprotein expressed in E. coli (Imgenex) served as a positive control in our ELISA assay. Full-length glutathione S-transferase (GST) either expressed in E. coli (Cell Systems) or in the wheat germ system (Abnova) was used as negative controls for the tumor antigens produced in the respective system. EpCAM 20mer peptides overlapping by 10 amino acids and covering the whole sequence of the protein were obtained from Iris Biotech. Single 20mer peptides derived from cancer-testis antigen SSX2 (Iris Biotech) were used as irrelevant controls in the read-out assays.

Immunohistochemistry

Immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections which had been obtained during gastrectomy for routine diagnostics. Briefly, consecutive cuts were deparaffinized and pretreated with 10 mmol/l citrate, pH 6.0 (Zymed) in a steam pressure cooker (Decloaking Chamber; BioCare Medical) followed by washing in distilled water. All further steps were performed at room temperature in a hydrated chamber. Slides were pretreated with peroxidase block (Dako) followed by blocking with goat serum diluted 1:5 in 50 mmol/l TRIS-HCl (pH 7.4) for 20 min. Staining was performed using murine monoclonal antibodies directed against EpCAM (clone VU-1D9; Novocastra), CD4 (clone 4B12; Dako), and CD8 (clone C8/144B; Dako). Slides were washed in 50 mmol/l TRIS-HCl and goat anti-mouse horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibody (Dako) was applied for 30 min. After further washing, immunoperoxidase staining was developed using a diaminobenzidine chromogen kit (Dako), as per the manufacturer’s instructions.

Phenotypic analysis by flow cytometry

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were prepared from heparinized blood or ascites using density gradient (Biochrom) centrifugation. PBMC were stained using the monoclonal antibodies listed in Table S2 and were analyzed by flow cytometry. Intracellular staining was performed after fixation and application of permeabilizing solution (BD Biosciences) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Samples were measured using a FACSCalibur cytometer with BD Cell Quest TM Pro (Version 5.2.1) software (BD Biosciences) and analyzed using FlowJo Version 7.2.5 software (Tree Star).

Quantification of EpCAM-specific CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells

Read-out-assays were performed following a single cycle of in vitro presensitization, as previously described.⁵⁰ Briefly, CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells were sequentially purified from PBMC applying antibody-coated magnetic beads (Dynal). T cells were stimulated once with remaining irradiated CD8^-CD4^- cells pulsed with pools of 10–15 overlapping EpCAM peptides. After 10–20 d of culture in RPMI containing 10% SAB supplemented with glutamine, antibiotics, non-essential amino acids, IL-2 (10U/ml; Roche Diagnostics), and IL-7 (20ng/ml; R&D Systems), CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T cells were harvested and were exposed to phytohemagglutinin (PHA; Roche Diagnostics)-stimulated CD4⁺ T cells (T-APC) pulsed over night with cognate or control peptides. In an ELISPOT assay, numbers of IFN-γ producing cells were determined applying a specific antibody kit (Mabtech) and resulting spots were counted using an AID EliSpot reader and EliSpot software version 3.2.3 (Autoimmun Diagnostika). The average of duplicates was calculated and a response was defined as positive if at least 10 spots per 10 000 cells were counted and EpCAM-induced responses exceeded background levels times three.

For the measurement of intracellular cytokines, pulsed T-APC were stained with 0.2 µM 5-(and-6) -carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE; Molecular Probes) for 10 min at 37 °C. T-APC were then washed and incubated with presensitized effector T cells at a 1:2 ratio in 200 µl serum-free X-VIVO-15 medium (Lonza) at 37 °C for 7 h. Brefeldin-A (Sigma-Aldrich) at 10 μg/ml was added after the first two hours of culture. Cells were then fixed using FACS Lysing Solution (BD Biosciences) diluted 1:10, permeabilized using Permeabilizing Solution 2 (BD Biosciences), and stained with appropriate antibodies against CD4 and interferon (IFN)-γ (BD Biosciences). Co-staining of intracellular FOXP3 was performed applying the anti-FOXP3 mAb PCH101 (eBioscience). Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry gating on morphologically defined lymphocytes, CD4-positive and CFSE-negative cells.

Enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay (ELISA)

Immediately after patients’ blood sample was taken serum was frozen in 1 ml aliquots at −70 °C. 96-well-plates were coated over night at 4 °C with recombinant protein diluted in PBS at a final concentration of 1 μg/ml. Plates were blocked with PBS containing 3% milk powder for two hours at room temperature (RT). Sera diluted 1:100 in blocking buffer were added to the plates at 30 μl/well and incubated for two hours at RT. A secondary alkyline phosphatase (AP)-conjugated anti-human-IgG antibody (Southern Biotech) diluted at 1:3000 in blocking buffer was applied for one hour at RT. Detection reagent para-nitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP; Southern Biotech) was added to the plates and the phosphatase reaction took place at RT for 30 min before reaction arrest with 3N NaOH. Specific absorption was measured at 405 nm using a Sunrise^TM ELISA reader (Tecan).

In the screening part of the study, a sample was considered positive if the optical density (OD) measured exceed the autologous background signal measured with control protein GST by at least 50%. In the titration part of the study, serial serum dilutions were performed for antibody-positive samples and titers obtained with GST protein were used as reference values. For the calculation of titers, regression analyses were performed for the linear segment of the serum titration curves for the patient sample and pooled sera of five representative healthy donors. Titers were defined mathematically as the dilution at the intersection of both regression lines.

Statistics

Due to the relatively low number of patients included into this study, we decided to handle resulting data only descriptively without applying statistical tests.

Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest

No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by a grant from Fresenius Biotech.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental material may be found at www.landesbioscience.com/journals/vaccines/article/26065