Abstract
Vaccination of healthcare workers (HCWs) reduces the risk of occupational infections, prevents nosocomial transmission and maintains healthcare delivery during outbreaks. Despite the European directive and national legislation on workers’ protection, immunization coverage among HCWs has often been very low. In light of Italian National Vaccination Plan 2012–2014 recommendations, the aim of this study was to assess levels of immunization and factors influencing adherence to vaccinations needed for HCWs in Puglia region, South Italy. The study was conducted using an interview-based standardized anonymous questionnaire administered to hospital employees in the period November 2009-March 2011. A total of 2198 health professionals responded in 51/69 Apulian hospitals (median age: 45 years; 65.2% nurses, 22.6% doctors and 12.2% other hospital personnel). Vaccination coverage was 24.8% for influenza, 70.1% for hepatitis B, 9.7% for MMR, 3.6% for varicella, and 15.5% for Td booster. Receiving counselling from occupational health physicians (OHPs) was associated with influenza (OR = 1.8; 95%CI = 1.5–2.2; P < 0.001), hepatitis B (OR = 4.9; 95%CI = 3.9–6.3; P < 0.001), varicella (OR = 43.7; 95%CI = 18.9–101.7; P < 0.001), MMR (OR = 8.8; 95%CI = 4.1–18.6; P < 0.001) and tetanus (OR = 50.5; 95%CI = 30.1–88.3; P < 0.001) vaccine uptake.
OHPs should be trained with standard guidelines specific for healthcare settings and HCWs’ risk groups to facilitate their crucial role in improving vaccine coverage among HCWs and increase awareness on the duty to protect both employees and patients.
Background
WHO estimates that all over the world 59 million health care workers (HCWs) are exposed every day to multiple occupational hazards,Citation1 the most common being the risk of exposure to infected patients and/or infectious materials, including body fluids, contaminated medical supplies and equipment, environmental surfaces, or air. In addition, HCWs are at increased risk of transmitting infections to their colleagues and vulnerable patients.Citation2,Citation3 Vaccination of HCWs reduces the risk of occupational infections, prevents nosocomial transmission and maintains health care delivery during outbreaks. Optimal uptake of recommended vaccines safeguards HCWs from vaccine-preventable infections, thereby protects patients from becoming infected.Citation3,Citation4
The European directive 2000/54/EC stated the need to offer free of charge effective vaccines to workers susceptible to the biological agents to which they are exposed. The importance to keep informed workers of the benefits and drawbacks of both vaccination and non-vaccination was also recommended.Citation5
In Italy, the Decree Law no. 81 dated 9 April 2008 recommends the protection of workers from biological hazards through vaccination and attributes the responsibility of vaccines administration to Occupational Health Physicians (OHPs). According to the law, the Italian National Vaccination Plan 2012–2014 strongly recommends to actively offer: (1) hepatitis B (HB) and influenza vaccines to all HCWs; (2) measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) and varicella vaccines to susceptible workers; and (3) diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis (DTaP) booster every ten years, especially to those HCWs working in obstetric or neonatology departments.Citation6
Since 1988, hepatitis B vaccine is offered free of charge to all new employees by the National Health Service and to those already working in high risk of infection environments.Citation7,Citation8 The Ministry of Health Decree dated 20 November 2000 established the need to verify the seroconversion one month after the last dose of hepatitis B vaccine to ascertain the establishment of immunological memory. Subjects who test negative are recommended for further doses.Citation9
Finally, the National Plan of Measles and Congenital Rubella Elimination (PNEMoRC) 2010–2015, strongly recommends vaccination of susceptible adults at risk of contracting and transmitting disease, such as health professionals.Citation10
Despite the European directive and the adoption of national legislation on HCWs’ protection, low immunization coverage and transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases among HCWs are frequently documented as well as nosocomial outbreaks.Citation3,Citation6,Citation7,Citation11-Citation28
In France, during the 2007–2008 influenza season, vaccination coverage among workers in nursing home was 33.6%,Citation29 in Spain a negative trend of influenza vaccination coverage from 29,2% in 2008/9 to 17,9% in 2011/12 seasons was recorded among HCWs.Citation30 In Belgium, in 2004, 84.9% of HCWs eligible for HB immunization had received the vaccine;Citation31 in France, in 2011, of 505 HCWs working in tertiary-care hospitals, 56.5% had been vaccinated against hepatitis B;Citation32 in South-Western Greece HB vaccination coverage was 70.9% in 2013.Citation33 Coverage for the other recommended vaccines is often very low and inadequate to prevent hospital epidemics.Citation32,Citation34 In France, a study conducted in 2011 showed vaccination coverage of 18.8% for measles and mumps, 22.2% for rubella, 1.9% for varicella and 35.7% for tetanus-diphtheria.Citation32 Another study conducted in 2008 among French medical residents showed vaccination coverage of 65.2% for pertussis and 62.8% for measles and varicella.Citation35
In Italy, figures on vaccination coverage among HCWs are not routinely available either at national or regional level.Citation7 A study conducted in Sicily (South Italy) in 2013 showed a reduction of vaccination coverage for influenza from 13.2% to 3.1% during seven consecutive influenza seasons (2005–2012) among HCWs of an acute care hospital.Citation36 During a survey performed among the medical residents of 18 Italian Universities, 11.9% reported to have been vaccinated against influenza during 2011–2012 season.Citation37 An audit of Apulian vaccination services HCWs in 2008 revealed a susceptibility rate of 9.3% for measles, mumps or rubella and 4.6% for varicella.Citation38
In light of a such jeopardized scenario, considering a moral imperative for HCWs to be immunized and for healthcare institutions to ensure vaccination, European public health organizations, following some experiences in the US, are pondering mandatory vaccination policies for HCWs. Overcoming concerns about individual autonomy should be ethical and acceptable if HCWs’ voluntary uptake of vaccination is not optimal, especially in settings with high-risk groups of patients.Citation3
In February 2013, Puglia region adopted the National Vaccination Plan 2012–2014 recommendations, assigning to OHPs the responsibility for the identification of susceptible HCWs and the administration of vaccinations.Citation39
This study aims to assess levels of immunization and factors influencing adherence to vaccinations needed for HCWs in Puglia region.
Results
A total of 2,198 HCWs returned the questionnaire, 67.7% were female, median age was 45 y (SD = 9.2; range 22–70). Of the respondents, 65.2% were nurses, 22.6% physicians and 12.2% other health care personnel. The median length of professional career was 21 y (SD = 9.8, range 0–46 y). The 59.2% reported to work in medical departments, 21.7% in intensive care units, 17.8% in surgical departments and 0.3% in other hospital services, 0.9% did not indicate any job assignment (). Of the interviewed HCWs, 63.9% referred to have contracted varicella, 69.8% measles, 48% mumps and 43.4% rubella.
Table 1. Apulian HCWs’ characteristics. Italy, 2009–2011
Overall vaccination coverage was 24.8% for influenza (computed for both seasons 2009–2010 and 2010–2011), 70.1% for hepatitis B, 9.7% for MMR, 3.6% for varicella and 15.5% for Td booster.
Determinants of seasonal influenza vaccination
In the univariate analysis, being female, having an older age and a longer length of service increased the likelihood to have been vaccinated (P < 0.05; ). Compared with nurses and the other HCWs, physicians were more likely to have been vaccinated (P < 0.01; ). Vaccination coverage was 24.5% among workers in medical departments, 26% in surgical departments and 24.3% in intensive care units (). Nearly 57% of HCWs had received a proposal for vaccination against seasonal influenza. Receiving counseling from an OHP (P < 0.001) or a GP (P < 0.001) was associated with influenza vaccine uptake ().
Table 2. Determinants of vaccination for influenza (A), hepatitis B (B), measles, mumps, rubella (C), varicella (D), and Td booster (E) in Apulian HCWs. Italy, 2009–2011
Figure 1. Vaccination coverage in Apulian HCWs, by job assignment. Italy, 2009–2011.
Figure 2. Vaccination coverage in Apulian HCWs, by department of service. Italy, 2009–2011.
The logistic regression confirmed the association between having been vaccinated against influenza and sex female (OR = 1.5; 95% Cl = 1.2–1.9; P < 0.01), to be a physician (OR = 1.8; 95% Cl = 1.1–3.0; P < 0.05), to have received the vaccination proposal from an OHP (OR = 2.4; 95% Cl = 1.9–3.1; P < 0.001) or from a GP (OR = 4.6; 95% Cl = 3.2–6.6; P < 0.001).
Determinants of hepatitis B vaccination
Younger age and shorter length of service were associated with the probability of having been vaccinated (P < 0.05; ). Compared with physicians and other HCWs, nurses were more likely to have been vaccinated against hepatitis B (P < 0.01; ). Vaccination coverage was 66.8% among workers in medical departments, 70.1% in surgical departments and 79.2% in intensive care units. HCWs working in an intensive care unit were more likely to be vaccinated (P < 0.01; ). About 60% of HCWs had received the proposal for vaccination against hepatitis B. Receiving counseling from an OHP, a GP or from the Vaccination Service (P < 0.001) was associated with hepatitis B vaccine uptake ().
In the logistic regression, having been vaccinated against hepatitis B was associated with younger age (OR = 1.9; 95%Cl = 1.4–2.6; P < 0.001), a shorter length of service (OR = 1.5; 95%Cl = 1.1–2.0; P < 0.05), and the proposal of vaccination from the OHP (OR = 8.3; 95% Cl = 6.4–10.9; P < 0.001), the GP (OR = 9.2; 95% Cl = 3.5–23.7; P < 0.001), or the Vaccination Service (OR = 14.6; 95% Cl = 8.8–24.4; P < 0.001).
Determinants of MMR vaccination
Younger age and shorter length of service were associated with vaccination (P < 0.001; ). Nurses were more likely to be vaccinated against MMR (P < 0.05; ). Vaccination coverage was 10.3% in those working in a department of medicine, 6.1% in a department of surgery, and 11.5% in an intensive care unit (). Only 5.9% of HCWs had received the proposal for vaccination against MMR. Receiving counseling from an OHP, a GP or the Vaccination Service was associated with MMR vaccine uptake (P < 0.001; ).
Overall, 17% of those susceptible to measles, 13.2% to mumps and 17.8% to rubella had received MMR vaccination.
In the logistic regression, MMR vaccination was associated with being younger (OR = 1.9; 95%Cl = 1.2-3.0; P < 0.01), a shorter length of service (OR = 1.8; 95% Cl = 1.1–2.8; P < 0.05), a vaccination proposal from the OHP (OR = 10.8; 95%Cl = 4.7–25.1; P < 0.001), the GP (OR = 13.6; 95% Cl = 5.9–31.3; P < 0.001) or the Vaccination Service (OR = 50.6; 95%Cl = 22.7–112.4; P < 0.001).
Determinants of varicella vaccination
Being female and younger was associated with the probability of having been vaccinated (P < 0.05; ). Vaccination coverage was 3.7% among workers in a department of medicine, 2.9% in a department of surgery and 5.0% in an intensive care unit (). Nearly 8% of HCWs received the proposal for vaccination against varicella. Receiving counseling from the OHP, the GP or the Vaccination Service (P < 0.001) was associated with vaccination (). Overall, 7.6% of HCWs susceptible to varicella had received vaccination.
The logistic regression showed an association with sex female (OR = 2.0; 95%Cl = 1.2–3.5; P < 0.05), younger age (OR = 1.8; 95%Cl = 1.1–3.4; P < 0.05), the proposal of vaccination from the OHP (OR = 69.8; 95%Cl = 30.5–159.8; P < 0.001), the GP (OR = 42.2; 95% Cl = 14.3–123.9; P < 0.001), or the public health service (OR = 67.7; 95% Cl = 27.2–168.4; P < 0.001).
Determinants of Td booster
In the univariate analysis, being female, younger and with a shorter length of service were associated with vaccination (P < 0.001; ). Of the interviewed HCWs, 15.4% working in a department of medicine, 10.9% in a department of surgery and 20.1% in an intensive care unit had received a Td booster dose; HCWs who worked in intensive care unit were less likely to have received vaccination (P < 0.01; ). The proposal for a booster dose was reported by 8.4% of HCWs. Receiving counseling was associated with vaccination (P < 0.001; ).
In the logistic regression, Td booster was associated with sex female (OR = 1.9; 95%Cl = 1.4–2.7; P < 0.01) and a proposal of vaccination from the OHP (OR = 67.8; 95%Cl = 38.7–118.8; P < 0.001), the GP (OR = 13.3; 95%Cl = 6.0–29.9; P < 0.001), or the public health service (OR = 40.7; 95%Cl = 20.5–80.5; P < 0.001).
Discussion
Protection against occupational biohazards needs resources and investment in terms of both setting up protective measures and training healthcare staff, but the cost of non-protection can be higher in terms of worker’s health, productivity, safety and quality of work environment. The prevention of infection diseases among HCWs is based on the adoption of primary measures in the form of the usual standard precautions together with immunization, and secondary measures in the form of post-exposure prophylaxis.Citation40
In this study, according with the findings of a review on vaccination in Italian healthcare workers in 2010 and other national and international studies, vaccination coverage for hepatitis B is acceptable but still sub-optimal and figures for other vaccine-preventable diseases are quite low.Citation7,Citation11-Citation16,Citation30-Citation38,Citation41 Vaccination coverage for seasonal influenza is far from the objective of 75% to be achieved by 2015 as in the EU Council recommendation of December 2009.Citation42 Protection against measles, mumps, rubella and varicella is totally inadequate to prevent disease transmission among susceptible HCWs and nosocomial oubreaks.Citation7,Citation11-Citation18,Citation33
Increasing awareness on the importance of vaccination in HCWs and on the duty to protect both employees and patients is the main goal of the European project HProImmune. Started in 2011, it aims to promote immunization among HCWs in different health care settings, developing communication toolkits and educational materials tailored to health professionals in both the private and the public sector.Citation43
To address concerns on low vaccination coverage among HCWs, several international healthcare organizations are evaluating the ethics of mandatory immunization policies,Citation14 provided that benefits outweigh harm for HCWs, patients’ welfare is enhanced, and fair rules and exemptions are defined.Citation3
According to other studies, our findings revealed that older workers have a higher likelihood of influenza vaccine uptake, while those younger have higher vaccination coverage for hepatitis B, measles, mumps, rubella and varicella.Citation13,Citation15,Citation33 Physicians get vaccinated against influenza more than other HCWs, as reported in the last CDC report on Influenza vaccination coverage among health-care personnel.Citation44
Counseling and proposing vaccination from the OHP, the GP or the public health service appeared to be influent in the decision of HCWs to get vaccinated as reported in other studies.Citation45-Citation50 A survey conducted between December 2009 and April 2010 in Germany, France, United States, China, and Mexico showed as the recommendation of a GP was a leading reason for receiving the influenza pandemic vaccine.Citation45 In another study conducted in 11 European countries in 2009, the advice from a family doctor or a nurse was deemed as the main encouraging factor for influenza vaccination.Citation46
OHPs should be trained according to standard guidelines specific for healthcare settings and HCWs’ risk groups to facilitate their crucial role in improving vaccine coverage among HCWs. Moreover, OHPs should record reasons for vaccination refusal, since the use of a signed informed declination statement for those refusing vaccination, has recently been recommended as a possible tool to stimulate HCWs vaccination rates.Citation51,Citation52
Finally, medical students must be considered a priority group for campaigns promoting vaccination, not only for their training activities at the hospital wards, but especially for their future role. A new generation of adequately immunized HCWs is coming in Italy, also considering that they received most of recommended-to-HCWs vaccinations since infancy.
Methods
Between November 2009 and March 2011, the HCWs employed in 51 out of 69 Apulian hospitals were invited to fill out a standardized anonymous questionnaire.
Main investigated outcomes were: (1) demographic and job characteristics (sex, age, hospital department and length of service, job assignment); (2) susceptibility/protection to measles, mumps, rubella and varicella; (3) vaccination history against hepatitis B, tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella and varicella. In addition, the interviewees were asked if they had received a vaccination proposal from an OHP, a general practitioner (GP), or the Vaccination Service.
To assess the association between vaccination status and the other investigated variables, an univariate analysis was performed, by using double-entry contingency tables and computing chi square (Chi2) and Odds Ratios (OR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CIs), considering as significant P values < 0.05. Variables significantly associated with “having been vaccinated” were included in a multivariate logistic model to calculate adjusted ORs with 95% CIs. Data were analyzed with Stata MP 11.2 for Mac OS software.
| Abbreviations: | ||
| HCW | = | Health care worker |
| PNEMoRC | = | Piano Nazionale di Eliminazione del Morbillo e della Rosolia Congenita - National Plan of Measles and Congenital Rubella Elimination |
| OHP | = | Occupational health physician |
| GP | = | General practitioner |
| DTaP | = | Diphtheria, Tetanus, acellular Pertussis vaccine |
| Td | = | Tetanus, diphtheria booster |
| HB | = | Hepatitis B |
| OR | = | Odds Ratio |
| 95%CI | = | 95% Confidence Interval |
| MMR | = | Measles, Mumps, Rubella vaccine |
Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest
No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
Acknowledgments
We wish to thank all the Apulian hospitals’ staff who took part in the survey.
Related Research Data
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