Mapping the multi-tiered impacts on the growth of IT industries in India: A combined scale-and-scope externalities perspective

REFERENCES

• Aghion , P. , & Howitt , P. ( 1997 ). Endogenous growth theory . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Almeida , P. , & Kogut B. ( 1999 ). Localization of knowledge and the mobility of engineers in regional networks . Management Science , 45 ( 7 ), 905 – 917 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angel , D. P. ( 1989 ). The labor market for engineers in the U.S. semiconductor industry . Economic Geography , 65 ( 2 ), 99 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleyard , M. M. ( 1996 ). Interfirm patterns in the semiconductor industry . Strategic Management Journal , 17 (Winter Special Issue), 137 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arrow , K. J. ( 1962 ). The economic implications of learning by doing . Review of Economic Studies , 29 ( 3 ), 155 – 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthur , W. B. ( 1989 ). Silicon Valley locational clusters: When do increasing returns imply monopoly ? Working paper, Santa Fe Institute, NM.
   Google Scholar
• Athreye , S. (in press). The Indian software industry and its evolving service capability . Industrial and Corporate Change.
   Google Scholar
• Athreye , S. , & Kapur , S. ( 2001 ). Private foreign investment in India: Pain or panacea ? World Economy , 24 ( 3 ), 399 – 424 .
   Google Scholar
• Audretsch , D. B. ( 1995 ). Innovation, growth and survival . International Journal of Industrial Organization , 13 ( 4 ), 441 – 457 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Autant-Barnard , C. ( 2001 ). The geography of knowledge spillovers and technological proximity , Economics of Innovation and New Technology , 10 ( 4 ), 237 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• Babu , V. ( 2004 , May 9 ). Big Blue's Indian colours. Business Today . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Bangalore IT . ( 2007 ). IT scenario Karnataka . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Beardsell , M. , & Henderson , V. ( 1999 ). Spatial evolution of the computer industry in the USA . European Economic Review , 43 ( 2 ), 431 – 456 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breshnahan , T. F. ( 1998 ). New modes of competition: Implications for the future structure of the computer industry . In J. Eisenach & T. Lenard (Eds.), Competition, innovation and the Microsoft monopoly: Antitrust in the digital marketplace Boston , MA : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Business Line . ( 2000 , May 5). Hyderabad software park logs 85 pc growth in exports . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Business Line . ( 2005 , April 9 ). Motorola begins works on Hyderabad design center . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Bwalya , S. M. ( 2006 ). Foreign direct investment and technology spillovers: Evidence from panel data analysis of manufacturing firms in Zambia . Journal of Development Economics , 81 ( 2 ), 514 – 526 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairncross , F. ( 2001 ). The death of distance: How the communications revolution is changing our lives . Boston , MA : Harvard Business School Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chauhan , C. ( 2006 , October 15 ). Foreign companies prefer India for R&D, Hindustan Times . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Chen , H. ( 2002 ). Urban externalities and city growth in Taiwan . Annals of Regional Science , 36 ( 4 ), 531 – 550 .
   Google Scholar
• Clemons , E. K. , Reddi S. P. , & Row , M. C. ( 1993 ). The impact of information technology on the organization of economic activity: The ‘move to the middle’ hypothesis . Journal of Management Information Systems , 10 ( 2 ), 9 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Das , S. ( 2004 ). The computer hardware industry . In S. Gokarn , A. Sen , & R. R. Vaidya (Eds.), The structure of Indian industry New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dataquest , ( 2002a , December 23 ). Trail blazers: From small beginnings, Gurgaon, India . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Dataquest . ( 2002b , December 23 ). The hot verticals: The great Indian software revolution, Gurgaon, India . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Dataquest . ( 2002c , December 23 ). Hardware: All about frontiers, reached and crossed, Gurgaon, India . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• D'Costa , A. P. ( 2000 ). Software outsourcing and policy implications: An Indian perspective . International Journal of Technology Management , 24 ( 7/8 ), 705 – 723 .
   Google Scholar
• D'Costa , A. P. ( 2002 ). Export growth and path dependence: The locking-in of innovations in the software industry . Science, Technology and Society , 7 ( 1 ), 51 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• De Micheli , G. , & Gupta , R. ( 1997 ). Hardware/software co-design . Proceedings of the IEEE , 85 ( 3 ), 349 – 365 .
   Google Scholar
• Desai , A. ( 2003 ). The dynamics of the Indian information technology industry . DRC Working Paper 20. London, UK: London Business School. Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• DeVol , R. ( 1999 , August 11). America's high tech economy: Growth, development, and risks for metropolitan areas. Milken Institute Forum . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Domain-B.com. ( 2004 , August 31). Sun Microsystems, Net iTech and Accel ICIM combine to bring low-cost computing solutions . Retrieved 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Dutta , A. , & Roy , R. ( 2005 ). Offshore outsourcing: A dynamic causal model for counteracting forces . Journal of Management Information Systems , 22 ( 2 ), 15 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EDP Weekly . ( 2001 , November 12 ). Intel to invest $25 million for Indian R&D unit. IT Monitor section . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Edquist , H. ( 2005 ). The Swedish ICT miracle: Myth or reality ? Information Economics and Policy , 17 ( 3 ), 275 – 301 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellison , G. , & Glaeser , E. L. ( 1997 ). Geographic concentration in U.S . manufacturing industries: A dartboard approach. Journal of Political Economy , 105 ( 5 ), 889 – 927 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EMSNow . ( 2005 , July 13). Motorola increases Asia Pacific investments: New R&D centers in India and Taiwan . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Engineering.Indiabizclub.com . ( 2007 ). Software technology park of India . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Feldman , M. P. ( 1999 ). The new economics of innovation, spillovers and agglomeration: A review of empirical studies . Economics of Innovation and New Technology , 8 ( 1/2 ), 5 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Forman , C. , Goldfarb A. , & Greenstein S. ( 2005 ). How do industry features influence the role of location on Internet adoption ? Journal of the Association for Information Systems , 6 ( 12 ), 383 – 408 .
   Google Scholar
• Glaeser , E. , Kallal , H. , Scheinkman , J. , & Shleifer , A. ( 1992 ). Growth in cities . Journal of Political Economy , 100 ( 6 ), 1126 – 1152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haltiwanger , J. , & Jarmin , R. S. ( 2000 ). Measuring the digital economy . In E. Brynjolfsson & B. Kahin (Eds.), Understanding the digital economy: Data, tools and research (13–33) Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hanna , N. ( 1994 ). Exploiting information technology for development: A case study of India . World Bank Discussion Paper 246. Washington , DC : World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• Harhoff , D. ( 1999 ). Firm formation and regional spillovers: Evidence from Germany . Economics of Innovation and New Technology , 8 ( 1/2 ), 27 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Haug , P. ( 1991 ). Regional formation of high-technology services industries . Environment and Planning, A , 23 , 869 – 884 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heeks , R. ( 1996 ). India's software industry . New Delhi , India : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Heeks , R. ( 1998 ). The uneven profile of Indian software exports . Working Paper 3, Institute for Development of Policy and Management . University of Manchester , Manchester , UK .
   Google Scholar
• Heeks , R. ( 2006 ) Using competitive advantage theory to analyze IT sectors in developing countries: A software industry case analysis . Information Technologies and International Development , 3 ( 3 ), 5 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Heitzman , J. ( 2004 ). Network city: Planning the information society in Bangalore . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , J. V. ( 1986 ). Efficiency in resource usage and city size . Journal of Urban Economics , 19 ( 1 ), 47 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson , V. , Kuncoro , A. , & Turner , M. ( 1995 ). Industrial development in cities . Journal of Policy Economics , 103 ( 5 ), 1067 – 1090 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HPC Wire . ( 2003 , April 4 ). India reveals Param Padma supercomputer . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Indiamart . 2008 . Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973, Indian Export Import Portal, Noida, India . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• IndiaPRWire.com . ( 2006 , October 11). Intel developing new chip designs in India, Asian News Service . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , J. ( 1969 ). The economy of cities . New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Jafri , S. A. ( 2004 , June 11). Hyderabad booms: IT exports top $1 billion . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Kauffman , R. J. , & Kumar , A. ( 2006 ). A combined scale-and-scope theory of IT industry cluster growth . In Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Society for Engineering Management Conference, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, IEEE Computing Society, Los Alamitos, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Kauffman , R. J. , & Walden , E. A. ( 2001 ). Economics and e-commerce: Survey and research directions . International Journal of Electronic Commerce , 5 ( 4 ), 4 – 115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur , S. ( 2004 ). Privatization and public enterprise reform: A suggestive action plan . Working paper, Australasia South Asia Research Centre, Australia National University, Canberra, Australia. Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Kell , S. ( 1995 ). Intellectual property protection and antitrust in the developing world: Crisis, coercion and choice . International Organization , 49 ( 2 ), 315 – 349 .
   Google Scholar
• Khanna , T. , & Palepu , K. ( 2004 ). The evolution of concentration ownership in India: Broad patterns and a history of the Indian software industry . Working paper 10613, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved January 17, 2008 from
   Google Scholar
• Kraemer , K. L. , & Dedrick , J. ( 2001 ). National technology policy and computer production in Asia-Pacific countries . Working paper, Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations , University of California , Irvine , CA .
   Google Scholar
• Krugman , P. ( 1991 ). Increasing returns and economic geography , Journal of Political Economy , 99 ( 3 ), 483 – 499 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krugman , P. ( 1997 ). Development, geography and economic theory . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lal , K. ( 1996 ). Information technology, international orientation and performance: A case study of electrical and electronic goods manufacturing firms in India . Information Economics and Policy , 8 ( 3 ), 269 – 280 .
   Google Scholar
• Lall , S. V. , Koo , J. , & Chakravorty , S. ( 2003 ). Diversity matters: The economic geography of industry location in India . Policy Research Working Paper 3072, World Bank Development Research Group, Washington, DC. Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Lateef , A. ( 1997 ). Linking up with the global economy: A case study of the Bangalore software industry , DP/96/1997, International Institute of Labor Studies, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Macher , J. T. ( 2006 ). Technological development and the boundaries of the firm: A knowledge-based examination in semiconductor manufacturing . Management Science , 52 ( 6 ), 826 – 843 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macher , J. T. , Mowery , D. C. , & Simcoe , T. S. ( 2002 ). E-business and disintegration of the semiconductor value chain . Industry and Innovation , 9 ( 3 ), 1 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Marshall , A. ( 1920 ). Principles of economics , London , UK : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• McDougall , P. ( 2005 , August 8). India's next step: First it became a hub for IT services. Now India stands to become a major force in software industry too, InformationWeek . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Mincer , J. ( 1978 ). Family migration decisions . Journal of Political Economy , 86 ( 5 ), 749 – 773 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Corporate Affairs . ( 2008 ). The monopolies and restrictive trade practices act, 1969, Government of India, New Delhi, India .
   Google Scholar
• Nagala , S. V. ( 2005 ). India's story of success: Promoting the information technology industry . Stanford Journal of International Relations, 6(1). Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Nagaraj , R. (April 23, 2003 ). Foreign direct investment in India in the 1990s: Trends and issues . Economic and Political Weekly. Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• NASSCOM. ( 1995 ). Indian software directory, 1995–96 . National Association of Software and Service Companies , New Delhi , India .
   Google Scholar
• NASSCOM . ( 1996 ). The software industry in India , 1996: Strategic Review, National Association of Software and Service Companies , New Delhi , India .
   Google Scholar
• Naukri.com . ( 2008 ). Software/IT companies in Hyderabad . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Nayar , B. R. ( 2004 ). The BJP's economic nationalism in theory and practice . In A. Varshney (Ed.). India and Politics in developing countries: Essays in memory of Myron Weiner ( 227 – 256 ). Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Pacific Force Technology . ( 2007 , December 7). Dell closes down hardware design unit in India . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Patibandla , M. , & Petersen , B. ( 2002 ). Role of transnational corporations in the evolution of high-tech industry: The case of India's software industry . World Development , 30 ( 9 ), 1561 – 1577 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter , M. E. ( 1990 ). The competitive advantage of nations . New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Porter , M. E. ( 2000 ). Location, competition, and economic development: Local clusters in a global economy . Economic Development Quarterly , 14 ( 1 ), 15 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakshit , M. ( 2004 ). Some macroeconomics of India's reform experience , in K. Basu (Ed.), India's emerging economy: Performance and prospects in the 1990s and beyond . New Delhi , India : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Romer , P. M. ( 1987 ). Growth based on increasing returns due to specialization , American Economic Review , 77 ( 2 ), 56 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenkopf , L. , & Almeida , P. ( 2003 ). Overcoming local search through alliances and mobility , Management Science , 49 ( 6 ), 751 – 766 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapat , A. ( 1999 ). Privatization strategies adopted for public sector reform in India: Determinants and constraints . Review of Policy Research , 16 ( 2 ), 99 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Saran , R. ( 1998 , March 22). The CEO's guide to Bharatiya Janata policies, Business Today . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Saxena , N. ( 2006 , October 10). India does a star turn for Adobe, The Economic Times . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Schaller , R. R. ( 1997 ). Moore's Law: Past, present and future , IEEE Spectrum , 34 ( 6 ), 52 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sein , M. K. , & Harindranath , G. ( 2004 ). Conceptualizing the ICT artifact: Toward understanding the role of ICT in national development . The Information Society , 20 ( 1 ), 15 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulman , S. ( 2000 ). Nationalist sources of economic integration . International Studies Quarterly , 44 ( 3 ), 365 – 390 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha , V. P. ( 2004 ). Mobile telephony: A success story, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd., New Delhi, India . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Sivaramakrishnan , K. ( 2006 , February 13). SemIndia to set up manufacturing unit in Hyderabad, EE Times India . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Sivasubramonian , S. ( 2004 ). The sources of economic growth in India: 1950–1 to 1999–2000 . London , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Software Technology Parks of India . ( 2008 ). Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India and Electronics Niketan, New Delhi, India . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Sterling , B. ( 2001 , December 9). The year in ideas: A to Z; Simputer. New York Times Magazine . Retrieved January 17, 2007, from
   Google Scholar
• Tan , F. B. , & Leewongcharoen , K. ( 2005 ). Factors contributing to IT industry success in developing countries: The case of Thailand . Information Technology and Development , 11 ( 2 ), 161 – 194 .
   Google Scholar
• Todo , Y. , & Miyamoto , K. ( 2006 ). Knowledge spillovers from foreign direct investment and the role of local R&D activities: Evidence from Indonesia . Economic Development and Cultural Change , 55 ( 1 ), 173 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Oort F. G. , & Atzema O. A. L. C. ( 2004 ). On the conceptualization of agglomeration economies: The case of new firm formation in the Dutch ICT sector . Annals of Regional Science , 38 ( 2 ), 263 – 290 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasu G. S. ( July 21, 1998 ). Cyberabad.com, Indian Express . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Walsham G. , & Sahay S. ( 2006 ). Research on information systems in developing countries: Current landscape and future prospects . Information Technology and Development , 12 , 17 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Zabriskie , P. ( 2001 , April 23). A simple plan. Time Magazine . Retrieved January 17, 2008, from
   Google Scholar
• Zhao , M. ( 2006 ). Conducting R&D in countries with weak intellectual property rights protection . Management Science , 52 ( 8 ), 1185 – 1199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zucker , L. G. , & Darby , M. R. ( 1996 ). Star scientists and institutional transformation: Patterns of invention and innovation in the formation of the biotechnology industry . Proceedings of the National Academy of Science , 93 , 12709 – 12716 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar