Second Trimester Medical Abortion with Mifepristone–Misoprostol and Misoprostol Alone: A Review of Methods and Management

References

• EA Drey, DG Foster, RA Jackson. Risk factors associated with presenting for abortion in the second trimester. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 107(1): 2006; 128–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DA Grimes. The continuing need for late abortions. JAMA. 280(8): 1998; 747–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M Bujalkova. Birth control in antiquity. Bratisl Lek Listy. 108(3): 2007; 163–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medical Methods for Termination of Pregnancy. WHO Technical Report Series 871. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• DR Urquhart, AA Templeton. Mifepristone (RU 486) and second-trimester termination. Lancet. 2(8572): 1987; 1405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L Silvestre, C Dubois, M Renault. Voluntary interruption of pregnancy with mifepristone (RU 486) and a prostaglandin analogue. A large-scale French experience. New England Journal of Medicine. 322(10): 1990; 645–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C Gottlieb, M Bygdeman. The use of antiprogestin (RU 486) for termination of second trimester pregnancy. Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 70(3): 1991; 199–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M Bygdeman, ML Swahn. Progesterone receptor blockage. Effect on uterine contractility and early pregnancy. Contraception. 32(1): 1985 Jul; 45–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ML Swahn, M Bygdeman. The effect of the antiprogestin RU 486 on uterine contractility and sensitivity to prostaglandin and oxytocin. British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 95(2): 1988; 126–134.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Induced Abortion Guidelines No.11. 1997; RCOG: London.
   Google Scholar
• LA Bartlett, CJ Berg, HB Shulman. Risk factors for legal induced abortion-related mortality in the United States. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 103(4): 2004; 729–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LD Elam-Evans, LT Strauss, J Herndon. Abortion surveillance - United States, 2000. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries. 52(12): 2003; 1–32.
   Google Scholar
• PA Boyd, F Tondi, NR Hicks. Autopsy after termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 328(7432): 2004; 137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safe Abortion: Technical and Policy Guidelines for Health Systems. 2003; World Health Organization: Geneva.
   Google Scholar
• Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The Care of Women Requesting Induced Abortion. Guidelines No.7. London, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• DA Grimes, KF Schulz, W Cates Jr. Mid-trimester abortion by dilatation and evacuation: a safe and practical alternative. New England Journal of Medicine. 296(20): 1977; 1141–1145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AM Autry, EC Hayes, GF Jacobson. A comparison of medical induction and dilation and evacuation for second-trimester abortion. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 187(2): 2002; 393–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Report of Confidential Enquires into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom (1994–1996) Why Mothers Die. Department of Health. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office. 1997.
   Google Scholar
• S Lalitkumar, M Bygdeman, K Gemzell-Danielsson. Mid-trimester induced abortion: a review. Human Reproduction Update. 13(1): 2007; 37–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Unsafe Abortion: Global Estimates of the Incidence of Unsafe Abortion and Associated Mortality in 2000. 4th ed., 2004; WHO: Geneva.
   Google Scholar
• E Johannisson, M Oberholzer, ML Swahn. Vascular changes in the human endometrium following the administration of the progesterone antagonist RU 486. Contraception. 39(1): 1989; 103–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JE Norman, KJ Thong, DT Baird. Uterine contractility and induction of abortion in early pregnancy by misoprostol and mifepristone. Lancet. 338(8777): 1991; 1233–1236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Radestad, NJ Christensen, L Stromberg. Induced cervical ripening with Mifepristone in first trimester abortion. A double-blind randomized biomechanical study. Contraception. 38(3): 1988; 301–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MD Mitchell. Regulation of eicasanoid biosynthesis during pregnancy and parturition. K Hiller. Eicsanoids and Reproduction. 1987; MTP Press: Lancaster, 108–127.
   Google Scholar
• PC Ho, YF Chan, W Lau. Misoprostol is as effective as gemeprost in termination of second trimester pregnancy when combined with mifepristone: a randomised comparative trial. Contraception. 53(5): 1996; 281–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J Bartley, DT Baird. A randomised study of misoprostol and gemeprost in combination with mifepristone for induction of abortion in the second trimester of pregnancy. BJOG. 109(11): 2002; 1290–1294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OS Tang, K Gemzell-Danielsson, PC Ho. Misoprostol: Pharmacokinetic profiles, effects on the uterus and side-effects. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 99(Suppl 2): 2007; S160–S167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KJ Thong, DT Baird. A study of gemeprost alone, dilapan or mifepristone in combination with gemeprost for the termination of second trimester pregnancy. Contraception. 46(1): 1992; 11–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PC Ho, SS Tsang, HK Ma. Reducing the induction to abortion interval in termination of second trimester pregnancies: a comparison of mifepristone with laminaria tent. British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 102(8): 1995; 648–651.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PC Ho, SW Ngai, KL Liu. Vaginal misoprostol compared with oral misoprostol in termination of second-trimester pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 102(8): 1995; 648–651.
   Google Scholar
• H el-Refaey, A Templeton. Induction of abortion in the second trimester by a combination of misoprostol and mifepristone: a randomized comparison between two misoprostol regimens. Human Reproduction. 10(2): 1995; 475–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SW Ngai, OS Tang, PC Ho. Randomized comparison of vaginal (200 microg every 3 h) and oral (400 microg every 3 h) misoprostol when combined with mifepristone in termination of second trimester pregnancy. Human Reproduction. 15(10): 2000; 2205–2208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H Hamoda, PW Ashok, GM Flett. A randomized trial of mifepristone in combination with misoprostol administered sublingually or vaginally for medical abortion at 13–20 weeks gestation. Human Reproduction. 20(8): 2005; 2348–2354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OS Tang, WN Lau, CC Chan. A prospective randomised comparison of sublingual and vaginal misoprostol in second trimester termination of pregnancy. BJOG. 111(9): 2004; 1001–1005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O Heikinheimo, S Suhonen, M Haukkamaa. One- and 2-day mifepristone-misoprostol intervals are both effective in medical termination of second-trimester pregnancy. Reproductive BioMedicine Online. 8(2): 2004; 236–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L Nilas, M Glavind-Kristensen, T Vejborg. One or two day mifepristone-misoprostol interval for second trimester abortion. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 86(9): 2007; 1117–1121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UK Multicentre Study Group. Oral mifepristone 600 mg and vaginal gemeprost for mid-trimester induction of abortion. An open multicenter study. Contraception. 56(6): 1997; 361–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OS Tang, KJ Thong, DT Baird. Second trimester medical abortion with mifepristone and gemeprost: a review of 956 cases. Contraception. 64(1): 2001; 29–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IT Cameron, AF Michie, DT Baird. Prostaglandin-induced pregnancy termination: further studies using gemeprost (16,16 dimethyl-trans-delta 2-PGE1 methyl ester) vaginal pessaries in the early second trimester. Prostaglandins. 34(1): 1987; 111–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KJ Thong, DT Baird. An open study comparing two regimens of gemeprost for the termination of pregnancy in the second trimester. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 71(3): 1992; 191–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RJ Armatage, MJ Luckas. A randomized trial of 2 regimens for the administration of vaginal prostaglandins (gemeprost) for the induction of midtrimester abortion. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 36(3): 1996; 296–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KS Wong, CS Ngai, AY Wong. Vaginal misoprostol compared with vaginal gemeprost in termination of second trimester pregnancy. A randomized trial. Contraception. 58(4): 1998; 207–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MW Bebbington, N Kent, K Lim. A randomized controlled trial comparing two protocols for the use of misoprostol in midtrimester pregnancy termination. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 187(4): 2002; 853–857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JK Jain, KR Meckstroth, DR Mishell Jr. Early pregnancy termination with intravaginally administered sodium chloride solution-moistened misoprostol tablets: historical comparison with mifepristone and oral misoprostol. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 181(6): 1999; 1386–1391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KS Wong, CS Ngai, EL Yeo. A comparison of two regimens of intravaginal misoprostol for termination of second trimester pregnancy: a randomized comparative trial. Human Reproduction. 15(3): 2000; 709–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y Herabutya, B Chanrachakul, P Punyavachira. Vaginal misoprostol in termination of second trimester pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 26(2): 2000; 121–125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Y Herabutya, B Chanrachakul, P Punyavachira. Second trimester pregnancy termination: a comparison of 600 and 800 micrograms of intravaginal misoprostol. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 27(3): 2001; 125–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S Pongsatha, T Tongsong. Second trimester pregnancy termination with 800 mcg vaginal misoprostol. Journal of Medical Association of Thailand. 84(6): 2001; 859–863.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• JM Dodd, CA Crowther. Misoprostol versus cervagem for the induction of labour to terminate pregnancy in the second and third trimester: a systematic review. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 125(1): 2006 Mar 1; 3–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PC Ho, PD Blumenthal, K Gemzell-Danielsson. Misoprostol for the termination of pregnancy with a live fetus at 13 to 26 weeks. International Journal of Gynaecology & Obstetrics. 99(Suppl 2): 2007; S178–S181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J Bartley, A Brown, R Elton. Double-blind randomized trial of mifepristone in combination with vaginal gemeprost or misoprostol for induction of abortion up to 63 days gestation. Human Reproduction. 16(10): 2001; 2098–2102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PF Van Look, M Bygdeman. Antiprogestational steroids: a new dimension in human fertility regulation. Oxford Reviews of Reproductive Biology. 11: 1989; 2–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KJ Thong, DT Baird. Induction of second trimester abortion with mifepristone and gemeprost. British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 100(8): 1993; 758–761.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• K Gemzell-Danielsson, E Ostlund. Termination of second trimester pregnancy with mifepristone and gemeprost. The clinical experience of 197 consecutive cases. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 79(8): 2000; 702–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H Hamoda, PW Ashok, GM Flett. Analgesia requirements and predictors of analgesia use for women undergoing medical abortion up to 22 weeks of gestation. BJOG. 111(9): 2004; 996–1000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CF Li, CY Wong, CP Chan. A study of co-treatment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with misoprostol for cervical priming before suction termination of first trimester pregnancy. Contraception. 67(2): 2003; 101–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MD Creinin, T Shulman. Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the action of misoprostol in a regimen for early abortion. Contraception. 56(3): 1997; 165–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C Fiala, ML Swahn, O Stephansson. The effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on medical abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol at 13–22 weeks gestation. Human Reproduction. 20(11): 2005; 3072–3077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PW Ashok, A Templeton, PT Wagaarachchi. Midtrimester medical termination of pregnancy: a review of 1002 consecutive cases. Contraception. 69(1): 2004; 51–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JE Norman. Uterine rupture during therapeutic abortion in the second trimester using mifepristone and prostaglandin. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 102(4): 1995; 332–333.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• M Chen, JC Shih, WT Chiu. Separation of cesarean scar during second-trimester intravaginal misoprostol abortion. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 94(5 Pt 2): 1999; 840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JJ Wiener, AS Evans. Uterine rupture in midtrimester abortion. A complication of gemeprost vaginal pessaries and oxytocin. Case report. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 97(11): 1990; 1061–1062.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MF Atienza, RT Burkman, TM King. Midtrimester abortion induced by hyperosmolar urea and prostaglandin F2 alpha in patients with previous cesarean section: clinical course and potential for uterine rupture. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 138(1): 1980; 55–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Termination of Pregnancy for Fetal Abnormality in England, Scotland and Wales. 1996; RCOG: London.
   Google Scholar
• EA Drey, DG Foster, RA Jackson. Risk factors associated with presenting for abortion in the second trimester. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 107(1): 2006 Jan; 128–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Elimian, U Verma, N Tejani. Effect of causing fetal cardiac asystole on second-trimester abortion. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 94(1): 1999; 139–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Bhide, S Sairam, B Hollis. Comparison of feticide carried out by cordocentesis versus cardiac puncture. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 20(3): 2002; 230–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MV Senat, C Fischer, JP Bernard. The use of lidocaine for fetocide in late termination of pregnancy. BJOG. 110(3): 2003; 296–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PW Ashok, A Templeton. Nonsurgical mid-trimester termination of pregnancy: a review of 500 consecutive cases. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 106(7): 1999; 706–710.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• R Gautam, V Agrawal. Early medical termination pregnancy with methotrexate and misoprostol in lower segment cesarean section cases. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 29(4): 2003; 251–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DA Miller, FG Diaz, RH Paul. Vaginal birth after cesarean: a 10-year experience. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 84(2): 1994; 255–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P Boulot, M Hoffet, B Bachelard. Late vaginal induced abortion after a previous cesarean birth: potential for uterine rupture. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 36(2): 1993; 87–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L Berghahn, D Christensen, S Droste. Uterine rupture during second-trimester abortion associated with misoprostol. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 98(5 Pt. 2): 2001; 976–977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar