Elderly women in the cities of central europe in the eighteenth century

References

• Bairoch, Paul. 1977. “Population Urbaine et Taille des Villes en Europe de 1600 à 1970: Presentation de series Statistique.” Pp. 1–42 in Demographie urbaine, XVe–XXe Siecles. Lyon: Centre economique et sociale de la region lyonnaise.
   Google Scholar
• Bairoch, Paul. 1998. “Une Nouvelle Distribution des Populations: Villes et Campagnes.” Pp. 193–229 in Histoire des Populations de l'Europe. Vol. 2: La Revolution Demographique 1750–1914, by J.-P. Bardet and J. Dupâquier. Paris: Fayard.
   Google Scholar
• Baranowski, Bohdan. 1958. “Ludzie luzni w południowo-wschodniej Wielkopoisce w XVI–XVIII w” (“Loose People in South-eastern Wielkopoiska Between the 16th and 18th Centuries”). Przeglad Nauk Historycznych i Społecznych 3:252–269.
   Google Scholar
• Bideau, Alain, Maurice Garden, Jean-Pierre Goubert, and Artur E. lmhof, eds. 1992. Le Vieillissement. Implications et Consequences de l'Allongement de la Vie Humaine Depuis le XVIIIe Siecle. Lyon.: P.U.L.
   Google Scholar
• Bogucka, Maria. 1981. “Miasta Europy srodkowej w XIV–XVII w. Problemy rozwoju” (“Towns of Central Europe Between the 14th and 17th Centuries. Some Issues of Urban Development”). Roczniki Dziejow Społecznych i Gospodarczych 42:5–24.
   Google Scholar
• Bogucka, Maria, and Henryk Samsonowicz. 1986. Dzieje miast i mieszczanstwa w Polsce przedrozbiorowej (The History of Towns and Townsmen in Pre-Partition Poland). Wrocow: Ossolineum.
   Google Scholar
• Bois , Jean-Pierre . 1996 . Historia starosci. Od Montaigne'a do pierwszych emerytur (Les vieux de Montaigne aux premieres retraites , Warsaw : Oficyna Wydawnicza Volumen and Wydawnictwo Marabut .
   Google Scholar
• Borowski, Stanisław. 1975. “Proba odtworzenia struktur społecznych i procesow demograficznych na Warmii u schyłku XVII w. na przykładzie Dobrego Miasta okolicy” (“An Approach to the Reconstruction of the Social and Demographic Processes in the Warmia Region at the End of the 17th Century. A Case of Study of the Town Dobre Miasto and Surrounding Villages”). Przeszłosc Demograficzna Polski 8:125–198.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdelais, Pierre. 1988. “Le Vieillissement de la Population.” Pp. 230–243 in Histoire de la Population Francaise. Vol. 3: De 1789 a 1914, by J. Dupâquier. Paris: PUF.
   Google Scholar
• Brodnicka , Emilia . 1969 . Ludnosc parafii Wielen nad Notecia w drugiej połowie XVIII w” (“The Population of the Wielen Parish on the Notec River in the Second Half of the 18th Century”) . Przeszłosc Demograficzna Polski , 2 : 177 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Budzynski, Zdzisłaow. 1987. Dzieje opieki społecznej w ziemi przemyskiej i sanockiej, XV–XVIIII w (The History of the Social Care in the Districts of Przemysl and Sanok Between the 15th and 18th Centuries). Przemysl: PTH SN.
   Google Scholar
• Cavaciocchi, Simone, ed. 1990. La donna nell'economia secc. XIII–XVIII. Prato: Le Monnier.
   Google Scholar
• Dupâquier, Jacques. 1991. “La Peuplade.” Pp. 68–81 in Histoire de la Population Francaise. Vol. 2: De la Renaissance a 1789, by J. Dupâquier. Paris: PUF.
   Google Scholar
• Dupâquier , Jacques . 1992 . Pontoise et les Pontoisiens en 1781 , Pontoise : Editions du Valhermeil .
   Google Scholar
• Dusek , Ladislav and Fialova , Ludmila . 1989 . Age Structure of the Population of Ceska Kamenice in 1670–1750 . Historicka Demografie , 13 : 125 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Fauve-Chamoux, Antoinette. 1985. “Vieillesse et famille-souche.” Annales de Demographie Historique 1985:111–125.
   Google Scholar
• Fauve-Chamoux, Antoinette. 1994. “Female Surplus and Preindustrial Work: The French Urban Experience.” Pp. 31–50 in Socio Economique Consequences of Sex-Ratios in Historical Perspective, 1500–1900, by A. Fauve-Chamoux and S. Sogner. Milano: Universita Bocconi.
   Google Scholar
• Fauve-Chamoux, Antoinette and Richard Wall. 1997. “Nuptialite et Famille.” Pp. 344–368 in Histoire des Populations de Europe. Vol. 1: Des Origines aux Premices de la Revolution Demographique, by J.-P. Bardet and J. Dupâquier. Paris: Fayard.
   Google Scholar
• Francic, Mirosław. 1967. Ludzie luzni w osiemnastowiecznym Krakowie (Loose People In the 18th Century Cracow). Wrocław: Ossolineum.
   Google Scholar
• Ganiage, Jean. 1993. “Un Recensement du XVIIIe Siecle: Beauvais, 1764–1765.” Pp. 217–227 in Mesurer et Comprendre. Melanges Offerts a Jacques Dupâquier. Paris: PUF.
   Google Scholar
• Gieysztor, Irena. 1976. Wstep do demografii staropolskiej (An Introduction to Old Polish Demography). Warsaw: PWN.
   Google Scholar
• Gutton , Jean-Pierre . 1988 . Naissance du Viellard: Essai sur l'Histoire des Rapports entre les Viellards et la Societe en France , Paris : Aubier .
   Google Scholar
• Head-König, and Anne-Lise. 1994. “Sex Ratio Imbalance, Marriage Market and Gendered Work in Switzerland (Seventeenth-Nineteenth Centuries).” Pp. 51–63 in Socioeconomic Consequences of Sex-Ratios in Historical Perspective, 1500–1900 by A. Fauve-Chamoux and S. Sogner. Milano: Universita Bocconi.
   Google Scholar
• Henry , Louis . 1980 . Techniques d'Analyse en Demographie Historique , Paris : INED .
   Google Scholar
• Hufton , Olwen . 1984 . Women Without Men: Widows and Spinsters in Britain and France in the Eighteenth Century . Journal of Family History , 9 ( 4 ) : 355 – 376 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen , Hans Ch . 1987 . Growing Old in a Urban Environment . Continuity and Change , 2 ( 2 ) : 297 – 305 .
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser , David H. 1992 . Urban Household Composition in Early Modern Russia . Journal of Interdisciplinary History , 23 : 39 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpinski, Andrzej. 1983. Pauperes. 0 mieszkancach Warszawy XVI i XVII wieku (The Paupers. The Inhabitants of Warsaw in the 16th and 17th Centuries). Warsaw: PWN.
   Google Scholar
• Karpinski, Andrzej. 1995. Kobieta w miescie polskim w drugiej potowie XVI i w XVII wieku (Woman in Polish Town in the Second Half of the 16th and 17th Centuries). Warsaw: Instytut Historii PAN.
   Google Scholar
• Kedelski, Mieczystaw. 1992. Rozwój demograficzny Poznania w XVIII i na poczatku XIX wieku (Demographic Development of Poznan in the 18th and at the Beginning of the 19th Century). Poznan: Wydawnictwo Akademii Ekonomicznej w Poznaniu.
   Google Scholar
• Kopczynski , Michał . 1996 . Starosc nie radosc? Ludzie starzy na wsi kujawskiej u schyłku XVIII stulecia” (“No Fun to Be Old? Old People in the Country of Kujawy at the Decline of the 18th Century”) . Zapiski Historyczne , 61 ( 4 ) : 45 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuklo , Cezary . 1990 . Marriage in Pre-Industrial Warsaw in the Light of Demographic Studies . Journal of Family History , 15 ( 3 ) : 239 – 259 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuklo, Cezary. 1991. Rodzina w osiemnastowiecznej Warszawie (Family in XVIIIth Warsaw). Biatystok: Wydawnictwo Filii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego w Białymstoku.
   Google Scholar
• Kuklo, Cezary. 1992. “La Maternite Consciente est-elle Arrive a Varsovie au XVIIIe Siecle?” Pp. 103–113 in Les Modeles Famiłihaux en Europe aux XVIe–XVIIIe Siecles, by C. Kuklo. Białystok: Edition de La Filiale de L'Universite de Varsovie.
   Google Scholar
• Kuklo, Cezary. 1995. “Single Woman in Pre-Industrial Towns as a Subject of Historical Research.” Pp. 112–123 in Society and Culture Poland in Europe. Studies in Social and Cultural History, by M. Bogucka. Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Kuklo , Cezary . 1997 . Typology of Households in the Polish Town of the Pre-Industrial Age . Polish Population Review , 10 : 248 – 265 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuklo, Cezary. 1998. Kobieta samotna w spoleczenstwie miejskim u schyłku Rzeczypospolitej szlacheckiej. Stud ium demograficzno-społeczne (The Single Woman in the Urban Society at the Decline of the Noblemen's Republic of Poland. A Socio-demographic Study). Białystok: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku.
   Google Scholar
• Kuklo, Cezary, and Wojciech Gruszecki. 1994. Informatyczny System Rekonstrukcji Rodzin, Gospodarstw Domowych i Społecznosci Lokalnych w Polsce przedrozbiorowej (Computer System for the Reconstitution of Families, Households and Local Communities in Poland Before Partitions). Białystok: Instytut Histoni Filii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.
   Google Scholar
• Lachiver , Marcel . 1969 . La Population de Meulan du XVIIe au XIXe Siecle (vers 1600–1870). Etude de Demographique Historique , Paris : SEVPEN .
   Google Scholar
• Laslett , Peter . 1977 . Family Life and Illicit Love in Earlier Generations. Essays in Historical Sociology , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Laslett, Peter. 1983. “Family and Household as Work Group and Kin Group: Areas of Traditional Europe Compared.” Pp. 513–563 in Family Forms in Historic Europe, by P. Laslett, J. Robin, and R. Wall. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Laslett, Peter. 1995. “Necessary Knowledge: Age and Aging in the Societies of the Past.” Pp. 3–77 in Aging in the Past: Demography, Society, and Old Age, by D. I. Kertzer and P. Laslett. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Le Mee, Rene.1993. “La population de Senlis en 1765.” Pp. 347–360 in Mesurer et Comprendre. Melanges Offerts a Jacques Dupaquier. Paris: PUF.
   Google Scholar
• Muzik , Petr . 1986 . Obyvatelstvo mesta Domazlic v letech 1631–1830 . Sbornik Archivnich Praci , 36 ( 1 ) : 103 – 207 .
   Google Scholar
• Palazzi , Maura . 1990 . Female Solitude and Patrilineage: Unmarried Women and Widows During the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries . Journal of Family History , 15 ( 4 ) : 443 – 459 .
   Google Scholar
• Perrenoud, Alfred. 1977. “Variables Sociales en Demographie Urbaine. L'Exemple de Geneve au XVIIIe Siecle.” Pp. 143–172 in Demographie Urbaine, XVe–XXe Siecles. Lyon: Centre d'Histoire Economique et Sociale de La Region Lyonnaise.
   Google Scholar
• Perrenoud, Alfred. 1979. La Population de Geneve XVIe–XIXe Siecles. Etude Demographique. Vol. 1: Structures et Mouvements. Geneve: S.H.A.G.
   Google Scholar
• Perrenoud, Alfred. 1988. “Espacement et Arret dans le Controle des Naissances”. Annales de Demographie Historique 1988:59–78.
   Google Scholar
• Perrot, Jean-Claude. 1985. “La Veillesse en Questions”. Annales de Demographie Historique 1985:145–154.
   Google Scholar
• Piasecki, Edmund. 1990. Ludnosc parafii bejskiej (woj. Kieleckie) w swietle ksiag metrykalnych z XVIII–XX w. Studium demograficzne (Population of the Bejsce parish (Kielce voivodeship, Poland) in the Light of Parish Registers of the 18th–20th Centuries. A Demographic Study). Warsaw-Wrocław: PWN.
   Google Scholar
• Polaszewski , Leon . 1977 . “Struktura społeczna ludnosci parafi Szubin w 1766 r” (“The Social Structure of the Population of the Parish of Szubin in 1766”) . Przesztosc Demograficzna Polski , 10 : 157 – 175 .
   Google Scholar
• Poussou , Jean-Pierre . 1983 . Bordeaux et le Sud-Ouest au XVIIIe Siecle. Croissance economique et attraction urbaine , Paris : Edition de l'EHESS .
   Google Scholar
• Reher , David Sven . 1990 . Town and Country in Pre-Industrial Spain: Cuenca, 1550–1870 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rosset , Edward . 1979 . Kiedy zaczyna sie starosc? (When Does an Old Age Begin?) . Studia Demograficzne , 55 : 3 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , J.E. 1984 . Widowhood and Ageing in Traditional English Society . Ageing and Society , 4 ( 4 ) : 429 – 449 .
   Google Scholar
• Souden, David. 1984. “Migrants and the Population Structure of Later Seventeenth-Century Provincial Cities and Market Towns.” Pp. 133–168 in The Transformation of English Provincial Towns, 1600–1800, by P. Clark. London: Hutchinson.
   Google Scholar
• Surdacki, Marian. 1992. Opieka społeczna w Wielkopolsce zachodniej w XVII i XVIII wieku (Caring for People in West Wielkopolska Between the 17th and 18th Centuries). Lublin: Wydawnictwo Towarzystwa Naukowego KUL.
   Google Scholar
• Szczypiorski , Adam . 1979 . “Struktura ludnosci Warszawyw latach 1810–1974” (“The Population Structure of Warsaw Between 1810 and 1974”) . Studia Demograficzne , 55 : 57 – 91 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tilly , Louise A. and Scott , Joan W. 1987 . Les Femmes, le Travail et la Famille , Paris : Editions Rivages .
   Google Scholar
• Troyansky , David G. 1991 . Miroirs de La Veillesse en France au Siecle des Lumieres , Paris : Eshel .
   Google Scholar
• Wall, Richard. 1991. “Les Relations entre Generations en Europe Autrefois”. Annales de Demographie Historique 1991:133–154.
   Google Scholar
• Wiesner , Mary E. 1993 . Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe , Cambridge : Cambridge Press University .
   Google Scholar
• Wojtowicz, Jerzy. 1972. Miasto europejskie w epoce oswiecenia i rewolucji francuskiej (The European Town in the Age of Enlightenment and the French Revolution). Warsaw: PWN.
   Google Scholar
• Wyczanski, Andrzej. 1995. “Opieka nad ludzmi starymi na wsi polskiej w XVI w” (“Caring for Old People in the Country of Poland in the 16th Century”) Pp. 65–70 in Biedni i bogaci. Studia z dziejów społeczenstwa i kultury (The Poor and the Rich. Studies of Society and Culture). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
   Google Scholar
• Wyrobisz , Andrzej . 1986 . “Rodzina w miescie doby przedprzemystowej a zycie gospodarcze. Przeglad badan i problemów” (“The Family in Pre-Industrial Towns And Economic Life. A Survey of Research and Problems”) . Przeglad Historyczny , 77 ( 2 ) : 305 – 330 .
   Google Scholar
• Wyrobisz, Andrzej. 1995. “Zotnierze, weterani, inwalidzi wojenni—nowy problem społeczny w miastach europejskich w XVI–XVIII wieku” (“Soldiers, Veterans, War Invalids—A New Social Problem in European Towns Between the 16th and 18th Centuries”). Pp. 91–96 in Wojsko—społeczenstwo—historia (Army—Society—History). Białystok: Dział Wydawnictw Filii Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku.
   Google Scholar
• Zahorski, Andrzej 1984. “Ludnosc (Population).” Pp. 271–296 in Warszawa w latach 1526–1795 (Warsaw in Years 1526–1795). Warsaw: PWN.
   Google Scholar