1,765
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Article

The politics of biopatents in food and agriculture, 1950–2010: Value conflict, competing paradigms and contested institutionalisation in multi-level governance

Pages 281-293 | Published online: 03 Mar 2017

References

  • K. Aoki . Neocolonialism, anticommons property, and biopiracy in the (Not-so-Brave) new world order of international intellectual property protection. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies. 6(1): 1998; 11–58.
  • Bernau, V., & Blawat, K. (2010). Die Anfertigung des Brokkolis. Patentstreit über Pflanzenzüchtungen. sueddeutsche.de. <http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wirtschaft/patentstreit-ueber-pflanzenzuechtungen-die-anfertigung-des-brokkolis-1.977613> Accessed 30.12.2011.
  • BGH . GRUR. 1969; BGH: Karlsruhe
  • J. Bingen , B. Lawrence . Agricultural standards. The shape of the global food and fiber system. The international library of environmental, agricultural and food ethics. vol. 6 2006; Springer: Dordrecht
  • Bioland (2009). Runder Tisch – Grüne Patentierung im BMELV: Bioland fordert Verbot von Patenten auf Saatgut und Nutztiere. <http://www.bioland.de/presse/pressemitteilung/article/450.html> Accessed 30.12.11..
  • BMELV (2008). Kolloquium zu Biopatenten eröffnet. <http://www.bmelv.de/DE/12-Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2008/097-Biopatente.html>.
  • BMELV (2009). Aigner fordert Änderung des europäischen Biopatentrechts. Press release No. 120 of 10.06.09.” <http://www.bmelv.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/2009/120-AI-Biopatente.html> Accessed 30.12.11..
  • BMELV (2010a). BMELV befürwortet Änderung der Biopatent-Richtlinie. <http://www.bmelv.de/SharedDocs/Standardartikel/Landwirtschaft/Tier/Tierhaltung/SymposiumBiopatente.html>..
  • BMELV (2010b). Bundesministerin Ilse Aigner besucht Europäisches Patentamt. Press release no. 170 of 24.09.10. <http://www.bmelv.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/2010/170-AI-Besuch-Patentamt-Muenchen.html> Accessed 30.12.11..
  • C. Borowiak . Farmers’ rights: Intellectual property regimes and the struggle over seeds. Politics and Society. 32(4): 2004; 511–543. 10.1177/0032329204269979.
  • Stephen B Brush . Farmers’ rights and protection of traditional agricultural knowledge. World Development. 35(9): 2007; 1499–1514. 10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.05.018.
  • James M. Buchanan , Yong J. Yoon . Symmetric tragedies: Commons and anticommons. Journal of Law and Economics. 43(1): 2000; 1–14.
  • Bundesverband Deutscher Pflanzenzüchter (2010). BDP-Position zur Ausgestaltung des Patentschutzes in der Pflanzenzüchtung. BDP. <http://www. bdp-online.de/de/Ueber_uns/Our_positions/BDP-Positionspapier_Patentschutz_-2010-06-29.pdf>.
  • W.W. Cochrane , M.E. Ryan . American farm policy 1948–1973. 1976; University of Minnesota Press: Minneapolis
  • W.D. Coleman . From protected development to market liberalism: Paradigm change in agriculture. Journal of European Public Policy. 5(4): 1998; 632–651.
  • W.D. Coleman , G.D. Skogstad , M.M. Atkinson . Paradigm shifts and policy networks: cumulative change in agriculture. Journal of Public Policy. 16(3): 1997; 273–301.
  • C. Daugbjerg . Policy feedback and paradigm shift in EU agricultural policy: The effects of the MacSharry reform on future reform. Journal of European Public Policy. 10(3): 2003; 421–437.
  • C. Daugbjerg , A. Swinbank . Explaining the ‘Health Check’ of the Common Agricultural Policy: Budgetary politics, globalisation and paradigm change revisited. Policy Studies. 32(2): 2011; 127–141.
  • Deutsche Gesellschaft für Züchtungskunde e.V (2009). Patente in der Tierzucht. <http://www.dgfz-bonn.de> Accessed 25.02.10..
  • Deutscher Bauernverband (2010). Patente auf Tiere und Pflanzen hemmen den Züchtungsfortschritt. <http://media.repro-mayr.de/52/121652.pdf>.
  • Deutscher Bundestag . öffentliche Anhörung Biopatentrecht verbessern—Patentierung von Pflanzen, Tieren und biologischen Züchtungsverfahren verhindern. Protokoll der 140. Sitzung des Rechtsausschusses und der 104. Sitzung des Ausschusses für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz am 11 Mai 2009. 2009. 22.10.09 http://www.bundestag.de/bundestag/ausschuesse/a06/anhoerungen/Archiv/53_Biopatent/05_Wortprotokoll.pdf
  • European Communities. (1998). Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions..
  • European Patent Office. (2010). Case number: G 0001/08, Decision of the Enlarged Board of Appeal of 9 December 2010..
  • European Patent Office (2011a). All documents: EP1069819. <https://register.epo.org/espacenet/application?number=EP99915886&lng=en&tab=doclist> Accessed 30.12.11..
  • European Patent Office (2011b). All documents: EP1646287. <https://register.epo.org/espacenet/application;jsessionid=FC24BA9B4D0FE04CA62D3C4E85B099E4.RegisterPlus_prod_0?number=EP04774832&lng=en&tab=doclist> Accessed 30.12.11..
  • European Patent Office. (2011c). All documents: EP1651777. Munich: European Patent Office. <https://register.epo.org/espacenet/application?lng=en&number=EP04778518&tab=doclist> Accessed 20.12.11..
  • Fahrenholz, P. (2009). Zu viel Aber und zu wenig Ja. CSU im Europawahlkampf. sueddeutsche.de. <http://www.sueddeutsche.de/bayern/csu-im-europawahlkampf-zu-viel-aber-und-zu-wenig-ja-1.408555> Accessed 20.12.11..
  • P.H. Feindt . Policy-learning and environmental policy integration in the Common Agricultural Policy, 1973–2003. Public Administration. 88(2): 2010; 296–314.
  • P.H. Feindt , Advisory Board on Biodiversity and Genetic Resources at the BMELV . Biopatents—A threat to the use and conservation of agrobiodiversity?. Position paper of the Advisory Board on Biodiversity and Genetic Resources at the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV). 2010; BMELV: Berlin Accessed 30.12.11 http://www.bmelv.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/Ministry/Biopatents.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
  • P.H. Feindt , A. Flynn . Policy stretching and institutional layering: British food policy between security, safety, quality, health and climate change. British Politics. 4(3): 2009; 386–414.
  • Franck, S. (2009). Biopatente aus Sicht der Pflanzenzüchtung. Präsentation..
  • Isabelle Garzon . Reforming the Common Agricultural Policy. History of a paradigm change. 2006; Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke
  • Greenpeace . Patent auf Sonnenblumen entdeckt. 2004; Greenpeace: Hamburg http://www.greenpeace.de/themen/gentechnik/nachrichten/artikel/patent_auf_sonnenblumen_entdeckt/
  • M. Habeck . Brussels takes EU states to court over biopatent law. Nature Biotechnology. 21(9): 2003; 960–961.
  • Jacob S. Hacker . Privatizing risk without privatizing the welfare state: The hidden politics of social policy retrenchment in the United States. American Political Science Review. 98(2): 2004; 243–260. 10.1017/S0003055404001121.
  • P.A. Hall . Policy paradigms, social learning and the state: the case of economic policy-making in Britain. Comparative Politics. 25(3): 1993; 275–296.
  • P.A. Hall , R.C.R. Taylor . Political science and the three new institutionalisms. Political Studies. 44(5): 1996; 936–957.
  • G. Hardin . The tragedy of the commons. Science. 162(3859): 1968; 1243–1248.
  • H. Heclo . Modern social politics in Britain and Sweden. 1974; Yale University Press: New Haven
  • M.A. Heller , S.E. Rebecca . Can patents deter innovation? The anticommons in biomedical research. Science. 280 1998; 698–701.
  • L. Hooghe , G. Marks . Unraveling the central state, but how? Types of multi-level governance. American Political Science Review. 97(2): 2003; 233–243.
  • Hubbard, K. Out of hand. Farmers face the consequences of a consolidated seed industry. Farmer to farmer campaign on genetic engineering. (2009). <http://farmertofarmercampaign.com/Out%20of%20Hand.FullReport.pdf> Accessed 23.12.11..
  • N. Jenkins . Biotechnology inventions—Practice and procedure. M. Fyshe , A. Roughton . The modern law of patents. 2005; LexisNexis Bitterworths: London 567–592.
  • T. Josling . Competing paradigms in the OECD and their impacts on the WTO agricultural talks. T. Luther , R.T. Stanley . Agricultural policy for the 21st century. 2002; Iowa State University Press: Ames, IA 245–264.
  • Kein Patent auf Leben (2011). Kein Patent auf Leben! 1992–2010. <http://www.keinpatent.de/index.php?id=57> Accessed 30.12.11..
  • Kein Patent auf Leben (no date). “Ueber uns.” <http://www.keinpatent.de/index.php?id=6> Accessed 30.12.11..
  • Kloeckner, J. (2010). Biopatente auf landwirtschaftliche Nutztiere und -pflanzen. Rede zur Eröffnung des Symposiums Biopatente am 28.09.2010 in Brüssel. BMELV. <http://www.bmelv.de/SharedDocs/Reden/2010/09-28-KL-Biopatente.html> Accessed 30.12.11..
  • T. Kuhn . The structure of scientific revolutions. 1962; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL
  • C. Langinier , G. Moschini . The economics of patents. F.R. Max , N. Scott . Intellectual property rights in animal breeding and genetics. 2002; CABI: Wallingford 31–50.
  • R.C. Lieberman . Ideas, institutions, and political order: Explaining political change. American Political Science Review. 96(4): 2002; 697–712.
  • N. Louwaars , H. Dons , G. von Overwalle , H. Raven , A. Arundel , D. Eaton , A. Nelis . Breeding Business. The future of plant breeding in the light of developments in patent rights and plant breeder’s rights. 2009; Centre for Genetic Resources, the Netherlands (CGN), Wageningen University and Research Centre: Wageningen
  • W. Moyer , T.E. Josling . Agricultural policy reform: Politics and process in the EU and US in the 1990s. 2002; Ashgate: Aldershot, UK/Burlington, VT
  • R.R. Nelson . What enables rapid economic progress: What are the needed institutions?. Research Policy. 37(1): 2008; 1–11. 10.1016/j.respol.2007.10.008.
  • W. Neuman . Rapid rise in seed prices draws U.S. scrutiny. The New York Times. 2010. 11 March 2010, online.
  • D.C. North . Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. 1990; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge
  • OECD . Multifunctionality: Toward an analytical framework. 2001; OECD: Paris
  • M.J. Oliver , H. Pemberton . Learning and change in 20th-century British economic policy. Governance: An International Journal of Policy and Administration. 17(3): 2004; 415–441.
  • K. Orren , S. Skowronek . The search for American political development. 2006; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge
  • J. Pila . Article 53(b) EPC: A challenge to the Novartis theory of European patent history. The Modern Law Review. 72(3): 2009; 436–462.
  • Plantum, N. L. (2009). Plantum NL position on patents and plant breeders’ rights. <http://www.plantum.nl/plantum/documenten/Standpunt%20Octrooi%20en%20Kwekersrecht%20samenvatting%20ENG.pdf> Accessed 5.10.10..
  • E. Schickler . Disjointed pluralism: Institutional innovation and the development of the U.S. Congress. 2001; Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ
  • V.A. Schmidt . Taking ideas and discourses seriously: Explaining change through discursive institutionalism as the fourth new institutionalism. European Political Science Review. 1(2): 2010; 1–25.
  • I. Schneider . Can patent legislation make a difference? Bringing parliaments and civil society into patent governance. H. Sebastian , C.S. Kenneth . The politics of intellectual property: Contestation over the ownership, use, and control of knowledge and information. 2009; Edward Elgar: Cheltenham, UK/Northhampton, USA 129–157.
  • E.T. See . Revisiting anticommons and blockings in the biotechnology industry: A view from competition law analysis. The Journal of World Intellectual Property. 11(3): 2008; 139–175. 10.1111/j.1747-1796.2008.00338.x.
  • V. Shiva . Biopiracy: The plunder of nature and knowledge. 1997; South End Press: Cambridge, MA
  • G. Skogstad . Ideas, paradigms and institutions: Agricultural exceptionalism in the European Union and the United States. Governance: An International Journal of Policy and Administration. 11(4): 1998; 463–490.
  • G. Skogstad . Internationalization and Canadian agriculture: Policy and governing paradigms. 2008; University of Toronto Press: Toronto
  • A. Swinbank , C. Daugbjerg . The 2003 CAP reform: accomodating WTO pressures. Comparative European Politics. 4 2006; 47–64.
  • G. Tansey , T. Rajotte . The future control of food. A guide to international negotiations and rules on intellectual property, biodiversity and food security. 2008; Earthscan: Sterling, VA
  • K. Thelen . Historical institutionalism in comparative politics. Annual Review of Political Science. 2 1999; 369–404.
  • K. Thelen , J. Mahoney . Explaining institutional change. 2010; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge
  • Then, C., & Ruth, T. (2009). The future of seeds and food under the growing threat of patents and market concentration. <http://www.misereor.org/fileadmin/user_upload/misereor_org/englisch/2009_e_report_future_of_seed.pdf> Accessed 6.11.09..
  • M. Tracy . Government and agriculture in Western Europe 1880–1988. 1989; Harvester Wheatsheaf: New York/London
  • L. Tweeten , C. Zulauf . Public policy for agriculture after commodity programs. Review of Agricultural Economics. 19(2): 1997; 263–280.
  • H. Van den Belt . Enclosing the genetic commons: Biopatenting on a global scale. B. Christoph , D. Mieth . Patente am Leben? Ethische, rechtliche und politische Aspekte der Biopatentierung. 2003; Mentis: Paderborn 229–243.
  • J.P. Walsh , A. Arora , M.C. Wesley . Effects of research tool patents and licensing on biomedical innovation. M.C. Wesley , A.M. Stephen . National Academy of Sciences, patents in the knowledge-based economy. 2005; National Academy Press: Washington, DC 285–340.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.