Particle size and feed form in broiler diets: impact on gastrointestinal tract development and gut health

References

• ABDOLLAHI, M.R., RAVINDRAN, V., WESTER, T.J., RAVINDRAN, G. and THOMAS, D.V. (2011) Influence of feed form and conditioning temperature on performance, apparent metabolisable energy and ileal digestibility of starch and nitrogen in broiler starters fed wheat-based diet. Animal Feed Science and Technology 168: 88–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ABDOLLAHI, M.R., RAVINDRAN, V. and SVIHUS, B. (2013a) Influence of grain type and feed form on performance, apparent metabolisable energy and ileal digestibility of nitrogen, starch, fat, calcium and phosphorus in broiler starters. Animal Feed Science and Technology 186: 193–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ABDOLLAHI, M.R., RAVINDRAN, V. and SVIHUS, B. (2013b) Pelleting of broiler diets: an overview with emphasis on pellet quality and nutritional value. Animal Feed Science and Technology 179: 1–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ABDOLLAHI, M.R., RAVINDRAN, V. and SVIHUS, B. (2014) Influence of feed form on growth performance, ileal nutrient digestibility, and energy utilisation in broiler starters fed a sorghum-based diet. Livestock Science 165: 80–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AGAH, M.J. and NOROLLAHI, H. (2008) Effect of feed form and duration time in growing period on broilers performance. International Journal of Poultry Science 7: 1074–1077.
   Google Scholar
• AMERAH, A. and RAVINDRAN, V. (2009) Influence of particle size and microbial phytase supplementation on the performance, nutrient utilisation and digestive tract parameters of broiler starters. Animal Production Science 49: 704–710.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AMERAH, A.M., RAVINDRAN, V. and LENTLE, R.G. (2007a) Feed particle size: Implications on the digestion and performance in poultry. World's Poultry Science Journal 63: 439–451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AMERAH, A.M., RAVINDRAN, V., LENTLE, R.G. and THOMAS, D.G. (2007b) Influence of feed particle size and feed form on the performance, energy utilisation, digestive tract development, and digesta parameters of broiler starters. Poultry Science 86: 2615–2623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AMERAH, A.M., RAVINDRAN, V., LENTLE, R.G. and THOMAS, D.G. (2008a) Influence of feed particle size on the performance, energy utilisation, digestive tract development, and digesta parameters of broiler starters fed wheat- and corn-based diets. Poultry Science 87: 2320–2328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AMERAH, A.M., RAVINDRAN, V., LENTLE, R.G. and THOMAS, D.G. (2008b) Influence of particle size and xylanase supplementation on the performance, energy utilisation, digestive tract parameters and digesta viscosity of broiler starters. British Poultry Science 49: 455–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARNES, E.M. (1972) The avian intestinal flora with particular reference to the possible ecological significance of the cecal anaerobic bacteria. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 25: 1475–1479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BEHNKE, K.C. (2001) Factors influencing pellet quality. Feed Technology 5: 19–22.
   Google Scholar
• BJERRUM, L., PEDERSEN, K. and ENGBERG, R.M. (2005) The influence of whole wheat feeding on Salmonella infection and gut flora composition in broilers. Avian Disease 49: 9–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CERA, K.R., MAHAN, D.C. and CROSS, R.F. (1988) Effect of age, weaning and postweaning diet on small intestinal growth and jejunal morphology in young swine. Journal of Animal Science 66: 574–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHARBENEAU, R.A. and ROBERSON, K.D. (2004) Effect of corn and soybean meal particle size on phosphorus use in turkey poults. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 13: 302–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHEWNING, C.G., STARK, C.R. and BRAKE, J. (2012) Effects of particle size and feed form on broiler performance. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 21: 830–837.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CUMMING, R.B. (1994) Opportunities for whole grain feeding. In: Proceedings 9th European poultry conference, Vol. II. (Worlds Poultry Science Association: Glasgow, UK), pp. 219–222.
   Google Scholar
• DAHLKE, F., RIBEIRO, A.M.L., KESSLER, A.M., LIMA, A.R. and MAIORKA, A. (2003) Effect of corn particle size and physical form of the diet on the gastrointestinal structures of broiler chickens. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 5: 61–67.
   Google Scholar
• DUKE, G.E. (1982) Gastrointestinal motility and its regulation. Poultry Science 61: 1245–1256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUKE, G.E. (1994) Anatomy and physiology of the digestive system in fowl. In: Proceedings of the 21st Annual Carolina Poultry Nutrition Conference, Charlotte, NC, pp. 46–49.
   Google Scholar
• ENGBERG, R.M., HEDEMANN, M.S. and JENSEN, B.B. (2002) The influence of grinding and pelleting of feed on the microbial composition and activity in the digestive tract of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 43: 569–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ENGBERG, R.M., HEDEMANN, M.S., STEENFELDT, S. and JENSEN, B.B. (2004) Influence of whole wheat and xylanase on broiler performance and microbial composition and activity in the digestive tract. Poultry Science 83: 925–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FEIGHNER, S.D. and DASHKEVICZ, M.P. (1987) Subtherapeutic levels of antibiotics in poultry feeds and their effects on weight gain, feed efficiency, and bacterial cholyltaurine hydrolase activity. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 53: 331–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FERKET, P.R. (2000) Feeding whole grains to poultry improves gut health. Feedstuffs 4: 12–14.
   Google Scholar
• FERKET, P.R. and GERNAT, A.G. (2006) Factors that affect feed intake of meat birds: A review. International Journal of Poultry Science 5: 905–911.
   Google Scholar
• FRIKHA, M., SAFAA, H.M., SERRANO, M.P., ARBE, X. and MATEOS, G.G. (2009) Influence of the main cereal and feed form of the diet on performance and digestive tract traits of brown-egg laying pullets. Poultry Science 88: 994–1002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GABRIEL, I., MALLET, S. and LECONTE, M. (2003a) Differences in the digestive tract characteristics of broiler chickens fed on complete pelleted diet or whole wheat added to pelleted protein concentrate. British Poultry Science 44: 283–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GABRIEL, I., MALLET, S., LECONTE, M., FORT, G. and NACIRI, M. (2003b) Effects of whole wheat feeding on the development of coccidial infection in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 82: 1668–1676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GABRIEL, I., MALLET, S., LECONTE, M., FORT, G. and NACIRI, M. (2006) Effects of whole wheat feeding on the development of coccidial infection in broiler chickens until market-age. Animal Feed Science and Technology 129: 279–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GONZÁLEZ-ALVARADO, J.M., JIMENEZ-MORENO, E., VALENCIA, D.G., LAZARO, R. and MATEOS, G.G. (2008) Effects of fiber source and heat processing of the cereal on the development and pH of the gastrointestinal tract of broilers fed diets based on corn or rice. Poultry Science 87: 1779–1795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GARCIA, V., GOMEZ, J., MIGNON-GRASTEAU, S., SELLIER, N. and CARRÉ, B. (2007) Effects of xylanase and antibiotic supplementations on the nutritional utilization of a wheat diet in growing chicks from genetic D+ and D– lines selected for divergent digestion efficiency. Animal 1: 1435–1442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HETLAND, H., CHOCT, M. and SVIHUS, B. (2004) Role of insoluble non-starch polysaccharides in poultry nutrition. World's Poultry Science Journal 60: 415–422.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HETLAND, H. and SVIHUS, B. (2001) Effect of oat hulls on performance, gut capacity and feed passing time in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 42: 354–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HETLAND, H., SVIHUS, B. and OLAISEN, V. (2002) Effect of feeding whole cereals on performance, starch digestibility and duodenal particle size distribution in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 43: 416–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HILL, K.J. (1971) The physiology of digestion, in: BELL, D.J. & FREEMAN, B.M. (Eds) Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl, pp. 25–49 (Academic Press, London, Great Britain).
   Google Scholar
• HUANG, D.S., LI, D.F., XING, J.J., MA, Y.X., LI, Z.J. and LV, S.Q. (2006) Effects of feed particle size and feed form on survival of Salmonella typhimurium in the alimentary tract and cecal S. typhimurium reduction in growing broilers. Poultry Science 85: 831–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JACOBS, C.M., UTTERBACK, P.L. and PARSONS, C.M. (2010) Effect of corn particle size on growth performance and nutrient utilisation in young chicks. Poultry Science 89: 539–544.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JIMÉNEZ-MORENO, E., FRIKHA, M., DE COCA-SINOVA, A., LÁZARO, R.P., and MATEOS, G.G. (2013) Oat hulls and sugar beet pulp in diets for broilers. 2. Effects on the development of the gastrointestinal tract and on the structure of the jejunal mucosa. Animal Feed Science and Technology 182: 44–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JIMÉNEZ-MORENO, E., GONZÁLEZ-ALVARADO, J.M., DE COCA-SINOVA, A., LÁZARO, R. and MATEOS, G.G. (2009) Effects of source of fibre on the development and pH of the gastrointestinal tract of broilers. Animal Feed Science and Technology 154: 93–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KARASAWA, Y. (1999) Significant role of the nitrogen recycling system through the ceca occurs in protein-depleted chickens. Journal of Experimental Zoology 283: 418–425.
   Google Scholar
• KILBURN, J. and EDWARDS, H.M. Jr (2004) The effect of particle size of commercial soybean meal on performance and nutrient utilisation of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 83: 428–432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KLAVER, F.A.M. and VAN DER MEER, R. (1993) The assumed assimilation of cholesterol by lactobacilli and bifidobacterium bifidum is due to their bile salt-deconjugation activity. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59: 1120–1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIU, Y.H., PIAO, X.S., OU, D.Y., CAO, Y.H., HUANG, D.S. and LI, D.F. (2006) Effects of particle size and physical form of diets on mast cell numbers, histamine, and stem cell factor concentration in the small intestine of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 85: 2149–2155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIU, S.Y., TRUONG, H.H. and SELLE, P.H. (2015) Whole-grain feeding for chicken-meat production: possible mechanisms driving enhanced energy utilisation and feed conversion. Animal Production Science 55: 559–572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAISONNIER, S., GOMEZ, J. and CARRÉ, B. (2001) Nutrient digestibility and intestinal viscosities in broiler chickens fed on wheat diets, as compared to maize diets with added guar gum. British Poultry Science 42: 102–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MASUDA, N. (1981) Deconjugation of bile salts by Bacteroides and Clostridium. Microbiology and Immunology 25: 1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MIRGHELENJ, S.A. and GOLIAN, A. (2009) Effects of feed form on development of digestive tract, performance and carcass traits of broiler chickens. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 8: 1911–1915.
   Google Scholar
• MOORE, S.J. (1999) Food breakdown in an avian herbivore: Who needs teeth? Australian Journal of Zoology 47: 625–632.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NADERINEJAD, S., ZAEFARIAN, F., ABDOLLAHI, M.R., HASSANABADI, A., KERMANSHAHI, H. and RAVINDRAN, V. (2015) Influence of feed form and particle size on the performance and nutrient utilisation of broiler starters fed maize-based diets. Proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium 26: 141–144.
   Google Scholar
• NADERINEJAD, S., ZAEFARIAN, F., ABDOLLAHI, M.R., HASSANABADI, A., KERMANSHAHI, H. and RAVINDRAN, V. (2016) Influence of feed form and particle size on performance, nutrient utilisation, and gastro intestinal tract development and morphometry in broiler starters fed maize-based diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 215: 92–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIR, I. and PTICHI, I. (2001) Feed particle size and hardness: Influence on performance, nutritional, behavioural and metabolic aspects. Pages 157-186 in Proc. 1st World Feed Conf., Utrecht, the Netherlands. Wageningen Press, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• NIR, I., HILLEL, R., SHEFET, G. and NITSAN, Z. (1994a) Effect of grain particle size on performance. 2. Grain texture interactions. Poultry Science 73: 781–791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIR, I., TWINA, Y., GROSSMAN, E. and NITSAN, Z. (1994b) Quantitative effects of pelleting on performance, gastrointestinal tract and behaviour of meat-type chickens. British Poultry Science 35: 589–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIR, I., HILLEL, R., PTICHI, I. and SHEFET, G. (1995) Effect of particle size on performance. 3. Grinding pelleting interactions. Poultry Science 74: 771–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'DELL, B.L., NEWBERNE, P.M. and SAVAGE, J.E. (1959) An abnormality of the proventriculus caused by feed texture. Poultry Science 38: 296–301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PACHECO, W.J., STARK, C.R., FERKET, P.R. and BRAKE, J. (2013) Evaluation of soybean meal source and particle size on broiler performance, nutrient digestibility, and gizzard development. Poultry Science 92: 2914–2922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PARSONS, A.S., BUCHANAN, N.P., BLEMINGS, K.P., WILSON, M.E. and MORITZ, J.S. (2006) Effect of corn particle size and pellet texture on broiler performance in the growing phase. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 15: 245–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PÉRON, A., BASTIANELLI, D., OURY, F.X., GOMEZ, J. and CARRÉ, B. (2005) Effects of food deprivation and particle size of ground wheat on digestibility of food components in broilers fed on a pelleted diet. British Poultry Science 46: 223–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRESTON, C.M., MCCRACKEN, K.J. and MCALLISTER, A. (2000) Effect of diet form and enzyme supplementation on growth, efficiency and energy utilisation of wheat-based diets for broilers. British Poultry Science 41: 324–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RAVINDRAN, V. (2013) Feed enzymes: the science, the practice and the metabolic realities. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 22: 636–644.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROUGIÈRE, N., GOMEZ, J., MIGNON-GRASTEAU, S. and CARRÉ, B. (2009) Effects of diet particle size on digestive parameters in D+ and D- genetic chicken lines selected for divergent digestion efficiency. Poultry Science 88: 1206–1215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SACRANIE, A. (2006) Dietary and age regulation of antiperistalsis in broiler chickens. MS thesis. University of New England, Biddeford, ME.
   Google Scholar
• SACRANIE, A., SVIHUS, B., DENSTADLI, V., MOEN, B., IJI, A. and CHOCT, M. (2012) The effect of insoluble fibre and intermittent feeding on gizzard development, gut motility, and performance of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 91: 693–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SANTOS, F.B.O., SHELDON, B.W., SANTOS, A.A. Jr and FERKET, P.R. (2008) Influence of housing system, grain type, and particle size on Salmonella colonization and shedding of broilers fed triticale or corn soybean meal diets. Poultry Science 87: 405–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SELLE, P.H. and RAVINDRAN, V. (2007) Microbial phytase in poultry nutrition. Animal Feed Science and Technology 135: 1–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SINGH, Y., RAVINDRAN, V., WESTER, T.J., MOLAN, A.L. and RAVINDRAN, G. (2014) Influence of feeding coarse corn on performance, nutrient utilisation, digestive tract measurements, carcass characteristics, and cecal microflora counts of broilers. Poultry Science 93: 607–616.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMITS, C.H.M., VELDMAN, A., VERKADE, H.J. and BEYNEN, A.C. (1998) The inhibitory effect of carboxymethylcellulose with high viscosity on lipid absorption in broiler chickens coincides with reduced bile salt concentration and raised microbial numbers in the small intestine. Poultry Science 77: 1534–1539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SVIHUS, B. (2010) Diet composition and processing adjustments to cover the bird's need for structural components. Proceedings of the 8^th Annual Mid-Atlantic Nutrition Conference, University of Maryland, College Park, MD. pp 99–107.
   Google Scholar
• SVIHUS, B. (2011) The gizzard: function, influence of diet structure and effects on nutrient availability. World's Poultry Science Journal 67: 207–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SVIHUS, B. (2014) Function of the digestive system. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 23: 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SVIHUS, B., CHOCT, M. and CLASSEN, H.L. (2013) Function and nutritional roles of the avian caeca: a review. World's Poultry Science Journal 69: 249–264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SVIHUS, B., HETLAND, H., CHOCT, M. and SUNDBY, F. (2002) Passage rate through the anterior digestive tract of broiler chickens fed on diets with ground and whole wheat. British Poultry Science 43: 662–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SVIHUS, B., JUVIK, E., HETLAND, H. and KROGDAHL, A. (2004a) Causes for improvement in nutritive value of broiler chicken diets with whole wheat instead of ground wheat. British Poultry Science 45: 55–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SVIHUS, B., KLØVSTAD, K.H., PEREZ, V., ZIMONJA, O., SAHLSTROM, S., SCHULLER, R.B., JEKSRUD, W.K. and PRESTLØKKEN, E. (2004b) Physical and nutritional effects of pelleting of broiler chicken diets made from wheat ground to different coarsenesses by the use of roller mill and hammer mill. Animal Feed Science Technology 117: 281–293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XU, Y., STARK, C.R., FERKET, P.R., WILLIAMS, C.M., AUTTAWONG, S. and BRAKE, J. (2015a) Effects of dietary coarsely ground corn and litter type on broiler live performance, litter characteristics, gastrointestinal tract development, apparent ileal digestibility of energy and nitrogen, and intestinal morphology. Poultry Science 94: 353–361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XU, Y., STARK, C.R., FERKET, P.R., WILLIAMS, C.M., NUSAIRAT, B. and BRAKE, J. (2015b) Evaluation of litter type and dietary coarse ground corn inclusion on broiler live performance, gastrointestinal tract development, and litter characteristics. Poultry Science 94: 362–370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XU, Y., STARK, C.R., FERKET, P.R., WILLIAMS, C.M. and BRAKE, J. (2015c) Effects of feed form and dietary coarse ground corn on broiler live performance, body weight uniformity, relative gizzard weight, excreta nitrogen, and particle size preference behaviors. Poultry Science 94: 1549–1556.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZANG, J.J., PIAO, X.S., HUANG, D.S., WANG, J.J., MA, X. and MA, Y.X. (2009) Effects of feed particle size and feed form on growth performance, nutrient metabolisability and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Sciences 22: 107–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar