Timing and Force Characteristics of Muscle Activity: Postural Control in Children with and Without Developmental Coordination Disorders

REFERENCES

• BairstowP., & LaszloJ. (1981). Kinaesthetic sensitivity to passive movements and its relationship to motor development and motor control. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 23, 606–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BrownC., & CookeJ. (1981). Amplitude- and instruction-dependent modulation of movement-related electromyogram activity in humans. Journal of Physiology, 316, 97–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BruininksR. (1978). Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, examiner’s manual. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
   Google Scholar
• ButterworthG., & HicksL. (1977). Visual proprioception and postural stability in infancy: A developmental study. Perception, 6, 255–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CordoP., & NashnerL. (1982). Properties of postural adjustments associated with rapid arm movements. Journal of Neurophysiology, 47, 287–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DareM., & GordonN. (1970). Clumsy children: A disorder of perception and motor organisation. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 12, 178–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ForssbergH., & NashnerL. (1982). Ontogenetic development of postural control in man: Adaptation to altered support and visual conditions during stance. Journal of Neuroscience, 2, 545–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GeuzeR. (1990). Variability of performance and adaptation to changing task demands in clumsy children. In KalverboerA. (Ed.), Developmental biopsychology: Experimental and observational studies in children at risk (pp. 207–222). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• GubbayS. (1975). The clumsy child: A study of developmental apraxic and agnosie ataxia. London: W.B. Saunders.
   Google Scholar
• HendersonS., & HallD. (1982). Concomitants of clumsiness in young school children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 24, 448–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HorakF., EsselmanP., AndersonM., & LynchM. (1984). The effects of movement velocity, mass displaced and task certainty on associated postural adjustments made by normal and hemiplegic individuals. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 47, 1020–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HulmeC., BiggerstaffA., MoranG., & McKinlayI. (1982). Visual, kinaesthetic, and cross-modal judgements of length by normal and clumsy children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 24, 461–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JohnsonD., & WilliamsH. (1988). Postural support and fine motor control in normal and slow motor development. In ClarkJ. & HumphreyJ. (Eds.), Advances in motor development research (Vol. 2, pp. 23–29). New York: AMS Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lundy-EkmanL., IvryR., KeeleS., & WoollacottM. (1991). Timing and force deficits in clumsy children. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3, 365–376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ManchesterD., WoollacottM., Zederbauer-HyltonN., & MarinO. (1989). Visual, vestibular and somatosensory contributions to balance control in the older adult. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 44, M118-M127.
   Google Scholar
• Milner-BrownH., & SteinR. (1975). The relation between the surface electrogram and muscular force. Journal of Physiology, 246, 549–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NashnerL. (1976). Adapting reflexes controlling the human posture. Experimental Brain Research, 26, 59–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NashnerL., & BerthozA. (1978). Visual contribution to rapid motor responses during posture control. Brain Research, 150, 403–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NashnerL., Shumway-CookA., & MarinO. (1983). Stance posture control in selected groups of children with cerebral palsy: Deficits in sensory organization and muscular coordination. Experimental Brain Research, 49, 393–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PaltsevY., & El’nerA. (1967). Preparatory and compensatory period during voluntary movement in patients with involvement of the brain of different localizations. Biofizika, 12, 142–147.
   Google Scholar
• Perceptual-Motor Development Laboratory Test Protocols. (1990). Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina.
   Google Scholar
• RochatP. (1992). Self-sitting and reaching in 5- to 8-month old infants: The impact of posture and its development on early eye-hand coordination. Journal of Motor Behavior, 24, 210–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumway-CookA., & WoollacottM. (1985). The growth of stability: Postural control from a developmental perspective. Journal of Motor Behavior, 17, 131–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SmythT., & GlencrossD. (1986). Information processing deficits in clumsy children. Australian Journal of Psychology, 38, 13–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van DellenT., VaessenW., & SchoemakerM. (1990). Clumsiness: Definition and selection of subjects. In KalverboerA., (Ed.), Developmental biopsy cholo gy: Experimental and observational studies in children at risk (pp. 135–152). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• WilliamsH. (1973). The Williams Gross Motor Control Test. Toledo, OH: The University of Toledo.
   Google Scholar
• WilliamsH., & BurkeJ. (1995). Conditioned patellar tendon reflex function in children with and without developmental coordination disorders. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 12, 250–261.
   Google Scholar
• WilliamsH., & WoollacottM. (1988). Neuromuscular responses underlying balance in the clumsy child. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 14, 66.
   Google Scholar
• WilliamsH., FisherJ., & TritschlerK. (1983). Descriptive analysis of static postural control in 4-, 6-, and 8-year-old normal and motorically awkward children. American Journal of Physical Medicine, 62, 12–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WilliamsH., McClenaghanB., & WardD. (1985). Duration of, muscle activity during standing in normally and slowly developing children. American Journal of Physical Medicine, 64, 171–189.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WilliamsH., WoollacottM., & IvryR. (1992). Timing and motor control in clumsy children. Journal of Motor Behavior, 24, 165–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WoodsJ. J., & Bigland-RitchieB. (1983). Linear and non-linear surface EMG/force relationships in human muscles. American Journal of Physical Medicine, 62, 287–299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WoollacottM., Shumway-CookA., & NashnerL. (1986). Aging and posture control: Changes in sensory organization and muscular coordination. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 23, 97–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WoollacottM., Shumway-CookA., & WilliamsH. (1989). The development of posture and balance control in children. In WoollacottM. & Shumway-CookA. (Eds.), Development of posture and gait across the lifespan (pp. 77–96). Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar