Environmental Reviews and Case Studies: Contextualization of National Parks in the Nature Conservation Scheme in China: A Case Study of Pudacuo National Park in Yunnan Province

References

• Alford, W., and Y. Shen. 1997. Limits of the Law in Addressing China's Environmental Dilemma. Stanford Environmental Law Journal 16(1):125–148.
   Google Scholar
• Beyer, S. 2006. Environmental Law and Policy in the People's Republic of China. Chinese Journal of International Law 5(1):185–211.
   Google Scholar
• Burgess, M. 2012, May. The Challenge in Conservation of Biodiversity: Regulation of National Parks in China and South Africa in Comparison. Centre for Chinese Studies, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa, 39 pp. Available at http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/21175 (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Z., J. Yang, and Z. Xe. 2005. Economic Development of Local Communities and Biodiversity Conservation: A Case Study from Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, China. Biodiversity and Conservation 4(9):2095–2108.
   Google Scholar
• China National Tourism Administration (CNTA), People's Republic of China. 2007–11. CNTA, Beijing. http://www.cnta.gov.cn/html/zh/index_2.html (accessed February 13).
   Google Scholar
• China Radio International (CRI) Online. 2008, October 16. Zhongguo de Diyige Guojia Gongyuan Daodi zai Nali? [Where on earth is the first national park in China?] Available at http://gb.cri.cn/18824/2008/10/16/3665s2283606.htm (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Diqing Daily. 2012, June 28. Pudacuo National Park Construction and Development [in Chinese]. Available at http://www.xgll.com.cn/pdcgjgy/5Azl/2012-06/28/content_42902.htm (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Diqing Prefecture Statistics Bureau, People's Republic of China. 2005–11. Over the Years: Diqing Zhou Guomin Jingji he Shehui Fazhan Tongji Gongbao [Statistical Bulletin of National Economy and Social Development of Diqing Prefecture] (2005–11). Diqing, China. Available at http://xxgk.yn.gov.cn/ZT_SZ/newslist.aspx?departmentID=9384&classid=102414 (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Dudley, N., ed. 2008. Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland, 86 pp. Available at http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/PAPS-016.pdf (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Environmental and Resources Protection Committee (ERPC), National People's Congress. 2012, March 6. Natural Heritage Protection Act of People's Republic of China (Draft) [in Chinese]. ERPC, Beijing. Available at http://green.sina.com.cn/2012-03-06/175124069634.shtml (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Fan, S., R. Kanbur, and X. Zhang. 2011. China's Regional Disparities: Experience and Policy. Review of Development Finance 1(1):47–56.
   Google Scholar
• Fritz, K. 2009, Spring. National Parks in China: A New Model for Nature Conservation. Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection, Paper 706, 37 pp. Available at http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/706/ (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Fu, B., K. Wang, Y. Lu, S. Liu, K. Ma, L. Chen, and G. Liu. 2004. Entangling the Complexity of Protected Area Management: The Case of Wolong Biosphere Reserve, Southwestern China. Environmental Management 33(6):788–798.15517679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, H. 2009. Yunnan Guojia Gongyuan Jianshe Shidian Diaoyan Baogao [Research report of pilot project of construction of national park in Yunnan]. Yunnan Linye [Yunnan Forestry] 30(2):24–25.
   Google Scholar
• Harkness, J. 1998. Recent Trends in Forestry and Conservation of Biodiversity in China. China Quarterly (Special Issue: China's Environment) 156:911–934.
   Google Scholar
• Jim, C.Y., and S.S.W. Xu. 2004. Recent Protected-Area Designation in China: An Evaluation of Administrative and Statutory Procedures. Geographical Journal 170(1):39–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kram, M., C. Bedford, M. Durnin, Y. Luo, K. Rokpelnis, B. Roth, N. Smith, Y. Wang, G. Yu, Q. Yu, and X. Zhao. 2012. Protecting China's Biodiversity: A Guide to Land Use, Land Tenure, and Land Protection Tools. The Nature Conservancy, Beijing, 290 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Li, J., G. Cui, and J. Li. 2001. Income and Managing Problems of the Protected Areas in China. Journal of Forestry Research 12(3):195–200.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, Y. 2010. Ziran Baohu Jiben Fa: 7 Nian le, Haizai Deng! [Fundamental law of nature protection: We are still waiting after seven years have passed!]. Zhongguo Qingnian Bao [China Youth Daily], November 24. Available at http://zqb.cyol.com/content/2010-11/24/content_3450426.htm (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Lu, G. 2011. Zhangjie Xiena Hunli Zhengfu Zanzhu, Sishi Gongban Qiyoucili [Zhang Jie and Xie Na's wedding party was sponsored by the government. It is outrageous for the government to spend the revenue in private affairs!]. Xinhua News Agency, September 26. Available at http://www.sd.xinhuanet.com/blog/2011-09/26/content_23782100.htm (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Lu, H. 2010. In Search of Harmony: The ECBP Stories. Pacific Empire International, Hong Kong, 222 pp. Available at http://content.yudu.com/Library/A1nkca/ECBPcompendiumbook/resources/52.htm (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Ma, X.-L., C. Ryan, and J.-G. Bao. 2009. Chinese National Parks: Differences, Resource Use and Tourism Product Portfolios. Tourism Management 30(1):21–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBeath, J., and J.H. McBeath. 2006. Biodiversity Conservation in China: Policies and Practice. Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 9(4):293–317.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Environmental Protection (MoEP), People's Republic of China. 1995–2010. Over the Years: National Environmental Statistical Bulletin [in Chinese]. Quanguo Huanjing Tongji Gongbao [Environmental Statistics Bulletin]. MoEP, Beijing. Available at http://www.mep.gov.cn/zwgk/hjtj/qghjtjgb/ (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Environmental Protection (MoEP), People's Republic of China. 2000. 2000 Nian Zhongguo Huanjing Zhuangkuang Gongbao [2000 Environmental Situation Bulletin]. MoEP, Beijing. Available at http://jcs.mep.gov.cn/hjzl/zkgb/2000/200211/t20021125_83824.htm (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (MoHURD), People's Republic of China. 1982–2012. Industry News [in Chinese]. Zhongguo Fengjing Mingshengqu Shiye Fazhan Gongbao [Bulletin of the Development of Scenic and Historic Areas in China]. MoHURD, Beijing. Available at http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/fjms/fjmshydt/index.html (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• National Bureau of Statistics (NBoS), People's Republic of China. N.d. NBoS, Beijing. http://www.stats.gov.cn/ (accessed February 13).
   Google Scholar
• National Park Service (NPS), US Department of the Interior. N.d. About Us. NPS, Washington, DC. http://www.nps.gov/aboutus/index.htm (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• National People's Congress (NPC). 2004. Constitution of the People's Republic of China (2004), adopted on December 4, 1982 and amended in 1988, 1993, 1999 and 2004. NPC, Beijing. Available at http://english.people.com.cn/constitution/constitution.html (accessed July 2013).
   Google Scholar
• The Nature Conservancy (TNC), Yunnan Representative Office. 2011, April. An Innovative Model for Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Development in Northwest Yunnan. Project Completion Report. TNC, Kunming, China, 109 pp. Available at http://www.undp.org.cn/projectdocs/00056782.pdf (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2007. Environmental Performance Reviews: China. OECD, Paris, 336 pp. Available at http://www.oecd.org/china/environmentalperformancereviewschina2007.htm (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Pound, R. 1910. Law in Books and Law in Action. American Law Review 44:12–36.
   Google Scholar
• Project Team for “An Innovative Model for Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Development in Northwest Yunnan.” 2008, September. Yunnansheng Guojia Gongyuan Lifa Kexingxing Yanjiu [Research on the feasibility of legislation on national parks in Yunnan Province]. Research Office, Yunnan Provincial Government, Kunming, China (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Pudacuo National Park Management Bureau (PNPMB). 2008a. Request for Instructions from the Prefecture Government on Transferring Part of the Management Authority within the Planned Areas of the Park That Is Currently under the Forestry Sector of the PNPMB [in Chinese]. Dipuguanqing, no. 11.
   Google Scholar
• Pudacuo National Park Management Bureau (PNPMB). 2008b. Request for Instructions from the Prefecture Government on Clarifying the Relationship between Several Functions of the PNPMB and the Tourism Investment Company [in Chinese]. Dipuguanqing, no. 12.
   Google Scholar
• Research Office, People's Government of Yunnan Province. 2010. Resource Book of Yunnan National Park Policy and Research. Yunnan National Park Management Office and The Nature Conservancy, Kunming, China [reference from Zhou and Grumbine (2011), p. 1316].
   Google Scholar
• Shen, Q. 2012. 85 Experts Jointly Recommended Revising the Natural Heritage Protection Law. Nanfang Zhoumo [Southern Weekly], September 15. Available at http://www.infzm.com/content/80785 (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Sofield, T., and L.M.S. Fung. 2007. China: Ecotourism and Cultural Tourism, Harmony or Dissonance? In Critical Issues in Ecotourism: Understanding a Complex Tourism Phenomenon, J.E.S. Higham, ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 368–385.
   Google Scholar
• Standing Committee, National People's Congress (SCNPC). 1989, December 26. Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China. SCNPC, Beijing. Available at http://www.china.org.cn/english/environment/34356.htm (accessed July 2013).
   Google Scholar
• State Council, People's Republic of China. 1998. Guowuyuan Bangongting Guanyu Jinyibu Jiaqiang Ziran Baohuqu Guanli Gongzuo de Tongzhi [Announcement of the State Council on further strengthening the management of nature reserves]. Guobanfa, no. 111. Available at http://law.people.com.cn/showdetail.action?id=2564125 (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) and State Bureau of Technical Supervision (CSBTS). 1994. Principle for Categories and Grades of Nature Reserve [in Chinese]. GB/T 14529-93. SEPA and CSBTS, Beijing, 4 pp. Available at http://www.sepa.gov.cn/image20010518/4593.pdf (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) and State Development Planning Commission (SDPC). 1997, November 24. Zhongguo Ziran Baohuqu Fazhan Guihua Gangyao (1996–2010) [Outline of the national plan for the development of nature reserves in China (1996–2010)]. SEPA and SDPC, Beijing. Available at http://sts.mep.gov.cn/zrbhq/fzgy/199711/t19971124_61198.htm (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• State Forestry Administration (SFA), People's Republic of China. 2011. 2011 Niandu Senlin Gongyuan Jianshe Jingying Qingkuang [Construction and operation of forest parks in 2011]. SFA, Beijing. Available at http://zgslgy.forestry.gov.cn/portal/slgy/s/2452/content-535117.html (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Tang, F. 2010. Zhongguo Guojia Gongyuan de Lilun yu Shijian Yanjiu [Theory and practice of the establishment of national parks in China] (unpublished PhD dissertation). Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 95 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Tian, S., and G. Yang. 2009. Guojia Gongyuan Lvyou Guanli Zhidu Bianqian Shizheng Yanjiu—Yi Yunnan Xianggelila Pudacuo Guojia Gongyuan Weili [An empirical study on the changes in management systems of national parks—A case study of Pudacuo National Park in Shangri-La, Yunnan Province]. Guangxi Minzu Daxue Xuebao [Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities] 31(4):52–57.
   Google Scholar
• Tian, S., and G. Yang. 2011. Zhongguo Guojia Gongyuan Fazhan de Lujing Xuanze: Guoji Jingyan yu Anli Yanjiu [Path selection for the development of China's national parks: International comparison and case study]. Zhongguo Ruan Kexue [China Soft Science], no. 12:6–14.
   Google Scholar
• Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, People's Government of Diqing. 2005. Meili Xueshan, Bitahai Shuduhu Jingqu Guanli (Zanxing) Banfa [Interim measures of Diqing Prefecture on the management of Meili Snow Mountain and Bita-Shudu Lake Scenic Area]. Order no. 6. Available at http://wenku.baidu.com/view/0f5cc2cd05087632311212eb### (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Wang, G., J.L. Innes, S.W. Wu, J. Krzyzanowski, Y. Yin, S. Dai, X. Zhang, and S. Liu. 2012. National Park Development in China: Conservation or Commercialization? AMBIO 41(3):247–261. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3357853/ (accessed February 2013).22038320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J. 2010. Lun Woguo Guojia Gongyuan De Falv Shiyong [Application of law on national parks in China]. In Symposium of Environment and Resources Law of China Law Society, 529–533. Available at the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database.
   Google Scholar
• Xie, Y. 2012, February 5. Is Having an Impact on Our Natural Protection a Priority? [Blog]. Sohu.com. Available at http://xieyan07.blog.sohu.com/202822746.html (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Xie, Y., and T. Qin. 2012. Weishenme Fandui Ziran Yichan Baohufa? [Why I oppose the Natural Heritage Protection Law] [Chinese forum]. Available at http://talk.weibo.com/ft/201203084480 (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Xinhua News Agency. 2008, October 8. Woguo Pizhun Jianshe Shouge Guojia Gongyuan Tangwanghe Guojia Gongyuan [China approves the construction of the first National Park in China: Heilongjiang Tangwang River National Park]. Available at http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2008-10/08/content_1115528.htm (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Xinhua News Agency—Oriental Outlook Weekly. 2010, December 20. Ziran Yichan Baohufa 7 Nian Xiugai Chao 10 Ci, Gefang Liyi Boyi [More than 10 revisions of the Natural Heritage Protection Law within 7 years: A game among different stakeholders] [Blog]. Available at http://news.sina.com.cn/c/sd/2010-12-20/150921675053.shtml (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Xinhuanet. 2012, February 23. Shandongsheng Lvyouye Jinsheng “Zhizhuji”: GDP Bizhong Dadao 8.23% [The tourism industry of Shandong Province has been advanced to “pillar industry” with the percentage of GDP up to 8.23%]. Available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/yzyd/gangao/20120223/c_111559811.htm (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Xu, H., S. Wang, and D. Xue. 1999. Biodiversity Conservation in China: Legislation, Plans and Measures. Biodiversity and Conservation 8(6):819–837.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, J., and D. Melick. 2007. Towards Community-Driven Conservation in Southwest China: Reconciling State and Local Perceptions. International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) Working Paper 52. ICRAF–China, Beijing, 40 pp. Available at http://www.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/publications/PDFs/WP15421.PDF (accessed July 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Xu, J.Y., L.D. Chen, Y.H. Lu, and B.J. Fu. 2006. Local People's Perceptions as Decision Support for Protected Area Management in Wolong Biosphere Reserve, China. Journal of Environmental Management 78(4):362–372.16154684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, S. 2010. Yunnan Guojia Gongyuan Jianshezhong de Falv Nanti [Legal questions during the construction of national parks in Yunnan Province]. In Symposium of Environment and Resources Law of China Law Society, 575–580. Available at the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, Y., K. Tian, J. Hao, S. Pei, and Y. Yang. 2004. Biodiversity and Biodiversity Conservation in Yunnan, China. Biodiversity and Conservation 13(4):813–826.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao, J. 2013. Diyige Ziran Baohuqu 50 nian “Baoweizhan” [50 years' “guardian war” for the first nature reserve]. Nanfang Zhoumo [Southern Weekly], February 14. Available at http://www.infzm.com/content/5913 (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Ye, W., C. Shen, and Y. Li, eds. 2008. Xianggelila de Yanjing: Pudacuo Guojia Gongyuan Guihua he Jianshe [Eyes of Shangri-La: Planning and construction of Pudacuo National Park]. Zhongguo Huanjing Kexue Chubanshe [China Environmental Science Press], Beijing, 169 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Yuan, J., L. Dai, and Q. Wang. 2008. State-Led Ecotourism Development and Nature Conservation: A Case Study of the Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve, China. Ecology and Society 13(2), article 55.
   Google Scholar
• Yunnan Forestry Department. 2009. Yunnansheng Linyeting Zhuyao Zhize Neishe Jigou he Renyuan Bianzhi Guiding [Main functions, internal structure, and staffing requirements]. Yunzhengbanfa, no. 247. Available at http://www.ynbb.gov.cn/zwgk/sdzt/4028848c3485fd370134884f52a7002b.html (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, D.Q., and R.E. Grumbine. 2011. National Parks in China: Experiments with Protecting Nature and Human Livelihoods in Yunnan Province, Peoples' Republic of China (PRC). Biological Conservation 144(5)1314–1321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, K., and J. Hou. 2007. Woguo Ziran Baohuqu Fenlei Tixi de Lifa Wanshan [Improvement of legislation on the classification system of nature reserves in China]. Shoudu Shifan Daxue Xuebao (Shehui Kexue Ban) [Journal of Capital Normal University (Social Sciences Edition)] 2:58–63.
   Google Scholar
• Zinda, J. 2012. Hazards of Collaboration: Local State Co-optation of a New Protected-Area Model in Southwest China. Society & Natural Resources 25(4):384–399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou, K. 2003. Management of Marine Nature Reserves in China: A Legal Perspective. Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 6(3):173–204.
   Google Scholar