215
Views
22
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Exceptionally well preserved upper Eocene to lower Oligocene calcareous nannofossils (Prymnesiophyceae) from the Pande Formation (Kilwa Group), Tanzania

, &
Pages 359-411 | Published online: 09 Mar 2010

References

  • Andruleit , H. A. , Rogalla , U. and Stäger , S. 2004 . “ From living communities to fossil assemblages: origin and fate of coccolithophores in the northern Arabian Sea ” . In Advances in the Biology, Ecology and Taxonomy of Extant Calcareous Nan‐noplankton. , Edited by: Triantaphylou , M. 5 – 21 . New York : Micropaleontology Press, American Museum of Natural History .
  • Aubry , M. P. 1988 . Handbook of Cenozoic Calcareous Nannoplankton, Book 2: Ortholithae (Catinasters, Ceratoliths, Rhabdoliths). , New York : Micropaleontology Press, American Museum of Natural History .
  • _____ . 1999 . Handbook of Cenozoic Calcareous Nannoplankton, Book 5: Heliolithae (Zygoliths and Rhabdoliths). , New York : Micropaleontology Press, American Museum of Natural History .
  • Backman , J. and Hermelin , J. O. R. 1986 . Morphometry of the Eocene nannofossil Reticulofenestra umbilicus lineage and its biochronolo‐gical consequences. . Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology , 57 : 103 – 116 .
  • Berggren , W. A. and Pearson , P. N. 2005 . A revised tropical to subtropical Paleogene planktonic foraminiferal zonation . Journal of Foraminiferal Research , 35 : 279 – 298 .
  • Billard , C. 1994 . “ Life cycles ” . In The Haptophyte Algae. , Edited by: Green , J. C. and Leadbeater , B. S. C. 167 – 186 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
  • Black , M. 1971 . “ The systematics of coccoliths in relation to the palaeon‐tological record ” . In The Micropaleontology of the Oceans. , Edited by: Funnel , B. M. and Riedel , W. R. 611 – 624 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • _____ . 1973 . British Lower Cretaceous Coccoliths. I ‐ Gault Clay (Part 2) . Palaeontological Society of London (Monograph) , 127 : 49 – 112 .
  • Boudreaux , J. E. and Hay , W. W. 1969 . Calcareous nannoplankton and biostratigraphy of the late Pliocene‐Pleistocene‐Recent sediments in the Submarex cores . Revista Española de Micropaleontología , 1 : 249 – 292 .
  • Bown , P. R. 2005a . Paleogene calcareous nannofossils from the Kilwa and Lindi areas of coastal Tanzania (Tanzania Drilling Project 2003–4) . Journal of Nannoplankton Research , 27 : 21 – 95 .
  • _____ . 2005b . Calcareous nannoplankton evolution: a tale of two oceans . Micropaleontology , 51 (4) : 299 – 308 .
  • _____ and Dunkley Jones , T. 2006 . New Paleogene calcareous nannofossil taxa from coastal Tanzania: Tanzania Drilling Project Sites 11 to 14 . Journal of Nannoplankton Research , 28 : 17 – 34 .
  • _____ and Young , J. R. 1998 . “ Techniques ” . In Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy. , Edited by: Bown , P. R. 16 – 28 . London : Kluwer Academic .
  • _____ , Rutledge , D. C. , Crux , J. A. and Gallagher , L. T. 1998 . “ Lower Cretaceous ” . In Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy. , Edited by: Bown , P. R. 86 – 131 . London : Kluwer Academic .
  • _____ , Lees , J. A. and Young , J. R. 2004 . “ Calcareous nannoplankton evolution and diversity through time ” . In Coccolithophores: From Molecular Processes to Global Impact. , Edited by: Thierstein , H. R. and Young , J. R. 481 – 508 . Berlin : Springer .
  • _____ , Dunkley Jones , T. and Young , J. R. 2007 . Umbilicosphaera jordanii Bown, 2005 from the Paleogene of Tanzania: confirmation of generic assignment and a Palaeocene origination for the family Calcidiscaceae . Journal of Nannoplankton Research , 29 : 25 – 30 .
  • _____ , _____ , Lees , J. A. , Randell , R. , Mizzi , J. , Pearson , P. N. , Coxall , H. K. , Young , J. R. , Nicholas , C. J. , Karega , A. , Singano , J. and Wade , B. S. 2008 . The Paleogene Kilwa Group of coastal Tanzania: a calcareous microfossil Konservat‐Lagerstätte . Geological Society of America Bulletin , 120 : 3 – 12 .
  • _____ , _____ , Young , J. R. and Randell , R. 2009 . A Paleogene record of extant lower photic zone calcareous nannoplankton . Palaeontology , 52 : 457 – 469 .
  • Bralower , T. J. 2005 . Paleocene‐early Oligocene calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy, ODP Leg 198 Sites 1209, 1210, and 1211 (Shatsky Rise, Pacific Ocean) . Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results , 198 Available at: http://www‐odp.tamu.edu/publications/198_SR/115/1 15.htm
  • _____ and Mutterlose , J. 1995 . Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of Site 865, Allison Guyot, Central Pacific Ocean: a tropical Paleogene reference section . Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results , 143 : 31 – 74 .
  • Bramlette , M. N. and Riedel , W. R. 1954 . Stratigraphic value of discoasters and some other microfossils related to Recent coccolithophores . Journal of Paleontology , 28 : 385 – 403 .
  • _____ and Sullivan , F. R. 1961 . Coccolithophorids and related nannoplankton of the early Tertiary in California . Micropaleontology , 7 : 129 – 188 .
  • _____ and Wilcoxon , J. A. 1967 . Middle Tertiary calcareous nannoplankton of the Cipero section, Trinidad, W.I . Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology , 5 : 93 – 131 .
  • Briggs , D. E. G. 2001 . “ Exceptionally preserved fossils ” . In Palaeobiology. , Edited by: Briggs , D. E. G. and Crowther , P. R. 328 – 332 . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing .
  • Brönnimann , P. and Stradner , H. 1960 . Die Foraminiferen und Discoasteridenzonen von Kuba und ihre interkontinentale Korrelation . Erdoel‐Z , 76 : 364 – 369 .
  • Bukry , D. 1971 . Cenozoic calcareous nannofossils from the Pacific Ocean . San Diego Society of Natural History, Transactions , 16 : 303 – 327 .
  • _____ and Bramlette , M. N. 1968 . Stratigraphic significance of two genera of Tertiary calcareous nannofossils . Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology , 6 : 149 – 155 .
  • _____ and _____ . 1971 . Validation of Pedinocyclus and Guinquerhabdus new calcareous nannoplankton genera . Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology , 8 : 122
  • _____ and Percival , S. F. 1971 . New Tertiary calcareous nannofossils . Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology , 8 : 123 – 146 .
  • Cavalier‐Smith , T. 1986 . The Kingdom Chromista: origins and systematics . Progress in Phycological Research , 4 : 309 – 344 .
  • Conway Morris , S. 1990 . “ Burgess Shale ” . In Palaeobiology. , Edited by: Briggs , D. E. G. and Crowther , P. R. 270 – 274 . Oxford : Blackwell .
  • Coxall , H. K. , Wilson , P. A. , Palike , H. , Lear , C. H. and Backman , J. 2005 . Rapid stepwise onset of Antarctic glaciation and deeper calcite compensation in the Pacific Ocean . Nature , 433 : 53 – 57 .
  • Cros , L. , Kleijne , A. , Zeltner , A. , Billard , C. and Young , J. R. 2000 . New examples of holococcolith‐heterococcolith combination cocco‐spheres and their implications for coccolithophorid biology . Marine Micropaleontology , 39 : 1 – 34 .
  • Deflandre , G. 1947 . Braarudosphaera nov. gen., type d'une famille nouvelle de Coccolithophoridés actuels à éléments composites . Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris , 225 : 439 – 441 .
  • _____ . 1952 . “ Classe des Coccolithopridés (Coccolithophoridae Lohmann, 1902) ” . In Traité de Zoologie. Anatomie, Systématique, Biologie, 1, part 1, Phylogenie. Protozoaires: Généralités. Flagellés. , Edited by: Grassé , P‐P. 439 – 470 . Paris : Masson and Cie .
  • _____ . 1959 . Sur les nannofossiles calcaires et leur systématique . Revue de Micropaleontologie , 2 : 127 – 152 .
  • _____ and Fert , C. 1954 . Observations sur les Coccolithophoridés actuels et fossiles en microscopie ordinaire et éléctronique . Annales de Paléontologie , 40 : 115 – 176 .
  • De Kaenel , E. and Villa , G. 1996 . Oligocene‐Miocene calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and paleoecology from the Iberia Abyssal Plain . Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results , 149 : 79 – 145 .
  • De Vargas , C. , Aubry , M. P. , Probert , I. and Young , J. R. 2007 . “ Origin and evolution of coccolithophores: from coastal hunters to oceanic farmers ” . In Evolution of Primary Producers in the Sea. , Edited by: Falkowski , P. G. and Knoll , A. H. 251 – 287 . Amsterdam, Boston : Elsevier Academic Press .
  • Dockery , D. T. III. , Stover , C. W. , Weathersby , P. , Stover , W. C. Jr. and Ingram , S. L. 1991 . A continuous core through the undifferentiated Yazoo Clay (late Eocene, Jackson Group) of Central Mississippi . Mississippi Geology , 12 : 23 – 27 .
  • Dunkley Jones , T. and Bown , P. R. 2007 . Post‐sampling dissolution and the consistency of nannofossil diversity measures: a case study from freshly cored sediments of coastal Tanzania . Marine Micropaleontology , 62 : 254 – 268 .
  • _____ , _____ , Pearson , P. N. , Wade , B. S. , Coxall , H. K. and Lear , C. H. 2008 . Major shifts in calcareous phytoplankton assemblages through the Eocene‐Oligocene transition of Tanzania and their implications for low‐latitude primary production . Paleoceanography , 23 : PA4204 doi:10.1029/2008PA001640
  • Edvardsen , B. , Eikrem , W. , Green , J. C. , Andersen , R. A. , Moon‐Van Der , Yeo , Staay , S. and Medlin , L. K. 2000 . Phylogenetic reconstructions of the Haptophyta inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences and available morphological data . Phycologia , 39 : 19 – 35 .
  • Fujiwara , S. , Tsuzuki , M. , Kawachi , M. , Minaka , N. and Inouye , I. 2001 . Molecular phylogeny of the haptophyta based on the rbcL gene and sequence variation in the spacer region of the RUBISCO operon . Journal of Phycology , 37 : 121 – 129 .
  • Gaarder , K. R. and Heimdal , B. R. 1977 . A revision of the genus Syra‐cosphaera Lohmann (Coccolithineae) “Meteor” Forschungsergebnisse . Reihe D, Biologie , 24 : 54 – 71 .
  • Gartner , S. J. 1969 . Two new calcareous nannofossils from the Gulf Coast Eocene . Micropaleontology , 15 : 31 – 34 .
  • _____ . 1970 . Phylogenetic lineages in the lower Tertiary coccolith genus Chiasmolithus . North American Paleontology Convention Sept. 1969, Proceedings G: , : 930 – 957 .
  • _____ . 1971 . Calcareous nannofossils from the JOIDES Blake Plateau cores and revision of the Paleogene nannofossil zonation . Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology , 8 : 101 – 121 .
  • _____ and Bukry , D. 1969 . Tertiary holococcoliths . Journal of Paleontology , 43 : 1213 – 1221 .
  • Geisen , M. , Billard , C. , Broerse , A. T. C. , Cros , L. , Probert , I. and Young , J. R. 2002 . Life‐cycle associations involving pairs of holococcolithophorid species: intraspecific variation or cryptic speciation? . European Journal of Phycology , 37 : 531 – 550 .
  • Gran , H. H. 1912 . “ Pelagic plant life ” . In The Depths of the Ocean. , Edited by: Murray , J. and Hjort , J. 307 – 386 . London : Macmillan .
  • _____ and Braarud , T. 1935 . A quantitative study of the phytoplankton in the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of Maine (including observations on hydrography, chemistry and turbidity) . Journal of the Biological Board of Canada , 1 : 279 – 467 .
  • Haeckel , E. 1894 . Systematische Phylogenie der Protisten und Pflanzen. , 400 Berlin : Reimer .
  • Halldal , P. and Markali , J. 1955 . Electron microscope studies on cocco‐lithophorids from the Norwegian Sea, the Gulf Stream and the Mediterranean . Avhandlinger utgitt av det Norske Videnskapsakademi i Oslo. Mat. ‐ Naturvid. Klasse , 1 : 1 – 30 .
  • Haq , B. U. 1966 . Electron microscope studies on some upper Eocene calcareous nannoplankton from Syria . Stockholm Contributions in Geology , 15 : 23 – 37 .
  • _____ . 1968 . Studies on upper Eocene calcareous nannoplankton from NW Germany . Stockholm Contributions in Geology , 18 : 13 – 74 .
  • _____ . 1971 . Paleogene calcareous nannoflora. Parts I‐IV . Stockholm Contributions in Geology , 25 : 1 – 158 .
  • Hay , W. W. 1977 . “ Calcareous nannofossils ” . In Oceanic Micropalaeontology 2. , Edited by: Ramsay , A. T. S. 1055 – 1200 . London : Academic Press .
  • _____ and Towe , K. M. 1962 . Electron microscope examination of some coccoliths from Donzacq (France) . Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae , 55 : 497 – 517 .
  • _____ , Mohler , H. and Wade , M. E. 1966 . Calcareous nannofossils from Nal'chik . Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae , 59 : 379 – 399 .
  • _____ , _____ , Roth , P. H. , Schmidt , R. R. and Boudreaux , J. E. 1967 . Calcareous nannoplankton zonation of the Cenozoic of the Gulf Coast and Caribbean‐Antillean area, and transoceanic correlation . Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies , 17 : 428 – 480 .
  • Hibberd , D. J. 1976 . The ultrastructure and taxonomy of the Chrysophyceae and Prymnesiophyceae (Haptophyceae): a survey with some new observations on the ultrastructure of the Chrysophyceae . Botanical Journal of the Linnaen Society , 72 : 55 – 80 .
  • Honjo , S. 1976 . Coccoliths: production, transportation and sedimentation . Marine Micropaleontology , 1 : 65 – 79 .
  • Jafar , S. A. and Martini , E. 1975 . On the validity of the calcareous nannoplankton genus Helicosphaera . Senckenbergiana Lethaea , 56 : 381 – 397 .
  • Jerkovic , L. 1970 . Noelaerhabdus nov. gen. type d'une nouvelle famille de Coccolithophorides fossiles. Noelaerhabdaceae du Miocène supérieur de Yougoslavie . Comptes Rendus (Hebdomadaires des Séances) de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris , 270 : 468 – 470 .
  • Jordan , R. W. and Chamberlain , A. H. L. 1993 . “ Vexillarius cancellifer gen. et sp. nov. and its possible affinities with other living coccolithophorids ” . In INA 1991. Nannoplankton Research, Biostratigraphy and Paleobiology. Quaternary Coccoliths. , Edited by: Hamrsmid , B. and Young , J. R. 305 – 325 . Hodonin : MND Hodonin .
  • _____ and _____ . 1997 . Biodiversity among haptophyte algae . Biodiversity and Conservation , 6 : 131 – 152 .
  • _____ , Cros , L. and Young , J. R. 2004 . A revised classification scheme for living haptophytes . Micropaleontology , 50 : 55 – 79 .
  • Kamptner , E. 1927 . Beitrag zur Kenntnis adriatischer Coccolithophoriden . Archiv für Protistenkunde , 58 : 173 – 184 .
  • _____ . 1948 . Coccolithen aus dem Torton des Inneralpinen Wiener Beckens Sitzungberichte der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften . Mathematisch‐Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse , 87 : 152 – 158 .
  • _____ . 1950 . Uber den submikroskopischen Aufbau der Coccolithen . Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch‐Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse , 87 : 152 – 158 .
  • _____ . 1954 . Untersuchungen uber den Feinbau der Coccolithen . Archiv für Protistenkunde , 100 : 1 – 90 .
  • _____ . 1963 . Coccolithineen‐Skelettreste aus Tiefseeablagerungen des Pazifischen Ozeans . Naturhistorischen Museum in Wien, Annalen , 71 : 117 – 198 .
  • Kleijne , A. 1991 . Holococcolithophorids from the Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean . Marine Micropaleontology , 17 : 1 – 76 .
  • _____ . 1992 . Extant Rhabdosphaeraceae (coccolithophorids, class Prymnesiophyceae) from the Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean . Scripta Geologica , 100 : 1 – 63 .
  • Klumpp , B. 1953 . Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Mikrofossilien des Mittleren und Oberen Eozän. . Palaeontographica , 103A : 377 – 406 .
  • Lars Legge , H. , Mutterlose , J. and Arz , H. W. 2006 . Climatic changes in the northern Red Sea during the last 22,000 years as recorded by calcareous nannofossils. . Paleoceanography , : 142 doi:10.1029/2005PA001
  • Lear , C. H. , Bailey , T. R. , Pearson , P. N. , Coxall , H. K. and Rosenthal , Y. 2008 . Cooling and ice growth across the Eocene‐Oligocene transition . Geology , 36 : 251 – 254 .
  • Lees , J. A. , Bown , P. R. , Young , J. R. and Riding , J. B. 2004 . Evidence for annual records of phytoplankton productivity in the Kimmeridge Clay Formation coccolith stone bands (Upper Jurassic, Dorset, UK) . Marine Micropaleontology , 52 : 29 – 49 .
  • Lemmermann , E. 1908 . “ Flagellatae, Chlorophyceae, Coccosphaerales und Silicoflagellatae ” . In Nordisches Plankton. Botanischer Teil. , Edited by: Brandt , K. and Apstein , C. 1 – 40 . Kiel and Leipzig : Lipsius and Tischer .
  • Levin , H. L. 1965 . Coccolithophoridae and related microfossils from the Yazoo formation (Eocene) of Mississippi . Journal of Paleontology , 39 : 265 – 272 .
  • _____ and Joerger , A. P. 1967 . Calcareous nannoplankton from the Tertiary of Alabama . Micropaleontology , 13 : 163 – 182 .
  • Liu , L. 1996 . Eocene calcareous nannofossils from the Iberia Abyssal Plain . Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results , 149 : 61 – 78 .
  • Loeblich , A. R. and Tappan , H. 1978 . The coccolithophorid genus Calcidiscus Kamptner and its synonyms . Journal of Paleontology , 52 : 1390 – 1392 .
  • Lohmann , H. 1902 . Die Coccolithophoridae, eine Monographie der Coc‐colithen bildenden Flagellaten, zugleich ein Beitrat zur Kenntnis des Mittelmeerauftriebs . Archiv für Protistenkunde , 1 : 89 – 165 .
  • _____ . 1903 . Neue Untersuchungen über den Reichthum des Meeres an Plankton und über die Brauchbarkeit der verschiedenen Fangmethoden. Zugleich auch ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Mittelmeerauftriebs . Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen Abteilung Kiel , 7 : 1 – 87 .
  • Lunt , P. and Sugiatno , H. in press . A review of the Eocene and Oligocene in the Nanggulan area, south central Java. . Bulletin of the Indonesian Geological Survey, Bandung. ,
  • Marino , M. and Flores , J. A. 2002 . Middle Eocene to early Oligocene calcareous nannofossil stratigraphy at Leg 177 Site 1090 . Marine Micropaleontology , 45 : 383 – 398 .
  • Martini , E. 1958 . Discoasteriden und verwandte Formen im NW‐deutschen Eozän (Coccolithophorida). 1. Taxonomische Untersuchungen . Senckenbergiana Lethaea , 39 : 353 – 388 .
  • _____ . 1959 . Pemma angulatum und Micrantholithus basquensis zwei neue Coccolithophoriden‐Arten aus dem Eozän . Senckenbergiana Lethaea , 40 : 415 – 21 .
  • _____ . 1971 . “ Standard Tertiary and Quaternary calcareous nannoplankton zon‐ation ” . In Proceedings of the Second Planktonic Conference, Roma, 1970. , Edited by: Farinacci , A. 739 – 785 . Rome : Edizioni Tecnoscienza .
  • _____ and Ritzkowski , S. 1968 . Die Grenze Eozän/Oligozän in der Typus‐Region des Unteroligozäns (Helmstedt‐Egeln‐Latdorf) . ¨Memoires du Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres , 69 : 233 – 237 .
  • Müller , C. 1970 . Nannoplankton‐Zonen der Unteren‐Meeresmolasse Bayerns . Geologica Bavarica , 63 : 107 – 118 .
  • Murray , G. and Blackman , V. H. 1898 . On the nature of the Coccospheres and Rhabdospheres . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (B) , 190 : 427 – 441 .
  • Nicholas , C. J. , Pearson , P. N. , Bown , P. R. , Dunkley Jones , T. , Huber , B. T. , Karega , A. , Lees , J. A. , McMillan , I. K. , O'Halloran , A. , Singano , J. M. and Wade , B. S. 2006 . Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Upper Cretaceous to Paleogene Kilwa Group, southern coastal Tanzania . Journal of African Earth Sciences , 45 : 431 – 466 .
  • Noël , M.‐H. , Kawachi , M. and Inouye , I. 2004 . Induced dimorphic life cycle of a coccolithophorid, Calyptrosphaera sphaeroidea (Prymnesiophyceae, Haptophyta) . Journal of Phycology , 40 : 112 – 129 .
  • Norris , R. E. 1984 . Indian Ocean nannoplankton. I. Rhabdosphaeraceae (Prymnesiophy ceae) with a review of extant taxa . Journal of Phycology , 20 : 27 – 41 .
  • Okada , H. 1980 . Calcareous Nannofossils from Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 442 through 446, Philippine Sea . Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project , 58 : 549 – 565 .
  • _____ . 1983 . Modern nannofossil assemblages in sediments of coastal and marginal seas along the western Pacific Ocean . Utrecht Micropaleontological Bulletins , 30 : 171 – 187 .
  • _____ . 1992 . Biogeographic control on modern nannofossil assemblages in surface sediments of Ise Bay, Mikawa Bay and Kumano‐Nada, off coast of central Japan. . Memorie di Scienze Geologich , XLIII : 431 – 449 .
  • _____ and Honjo , S. 1973 . The distribution of oceanic coccolithophorids in the Pacific . Deep‐Sea Research , 20 : 355 – 374 .
  • _____ and Matsuoka , M. 1996 . “ Lower‐photic nannoflora as an indicator of the late Quaternary monsoonal paleo‐record in the tropical Indian Ocean ” . In Microfossils and Oceanic Environments. , Edited by: Moguilevsky , A. and Whatley , R. 231 – 245 . Aberystwyth : University of Wales, Aberystwyth‐Press .
  • Pagani , M. , Zachos , J. C. , Freeman , K. H. , Tipple , B. and Bohaty , S. 2005 . Marked decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations during the Paleogene . Science , 309 : 600 – 603 .
  • Pascher , A. 1910 . Chrysomonaden aus dem Herschberger Grossteiche . Monographien und Abhandlungen zur Internationale Revue der gasamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie , 1 : 1 – 66 .
  • Pearson , P. N. and Palmer , M. R. 2000 . Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years . Nature , 406 : 695 – 699 .
  • _____ , Ditchfield , P. W. , Singano , J. , Harcourt‐Brown , K. G. , Nicholas , C. J. , Olsson , R. K. , Shackleton , N. J. and Hall , M. A. 2001 . Warm tropical sea surface temperatures in the late Cretaceous and Eocene epochs . Nature , 413 : 481 – 487 .
  • _____ , Nicholas , C. J. , Singano , J. , Bown , P. R. , Coxall , H. K. , Van Dongen , B. E. , Huber , B. T. , Karega , A. , Lees , J. A. , Msaky , E. , Pancost , R. D. , Pearson , M. and Roberts , A. P. 2004 . Paleogene and Cretaceous sediment cores from the Kilwa and Lindi areas of coastal Tanzania: Tanzania Drilling Project Sites 1–5 . Journal of African Earth Sciences , 39 : 25 – 62 .
  • _____ , _____ , _____ , _____ , _____ , _____ , _____ , _____ , _____ , MacLeod , K. , McMillan , I. K. , Pancost , R. D. , Pearson , M. and Msaky , E. 2006a . Further Paleogene and Cretaceous sediment cores from the Kilwa area of coastal Tanzania: Tanzania Drilling Project Sites 6–10 . Journal of African Earth Sciences , 45 : 279 – 317 .
  • _____ , Olsson , R. K. , Huber , B. T. , Hemleben , C. and Berggren , W. A. , eds. 2006b . Atlas of Eocene Planktonic Foraminifera. , Special Publication No. 41 513 Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research .
  • _____ , Van Dongen , B. E. , Nicholas , C. J. , Pancost , R. , Schouten , S. , Singano , J. and Wade , B. S. 2007 . Stable warm tropical climate through the Eocene Epoch . Geology , 35 : 211 – 214 .
  • _____ , McMillan , I. K. , Wade , B. S. , Dunkley Jones , T. , Coxall , H. K. , Bown , P. R. and Lear , C. H. 2008 . Extinction and environmental change across the Eocene‐Oligocene boundary in Tanzania . Geology , 36 : 179 – 182 .
  • Perch‐Nielsen , K. 1968 . Der Feinbau und die klassifikation der Cocco‐lithen aus dem Maastrichtien von Dänemark . Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Biologiske Skrifter , 16 : 1 – 93 .
  • _____ . 1971 . Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Coccolithen und verwandten Formen aus dem Eozan van Dänemark . Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Biologiske Skrifter , 18 : 1 – 76 .
  • _____ . 1977 . Albian to Pleistocene calcareous nannofossils from the Western South Atlantic, DSDP Leg 39 . Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project , 39 : 699 – 823 .
  • _____ . 1985 . “ Cenozoic Calcareous Nannofossils ” . In Plankton Stratigraphy. , Edited by: Bolli , H. M. , Saunders , J. B. and Perch‐Nielsen , K. 329 – 554 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Poche , F. 1913 . Das System der Protozoa . Archiv für Protistenkunde , 30 : 125 – 321 .
  • Prins , B. 1979 . Notes on nannology ‐ 1. Clausicoccus a new genus of fossil coccolithophorids . INA Newsletter , 1 : N2 – N4 .
  • Probert , I. , Fresnel , J. , Billard , C. , Geisen , M. and Young , J. R. 2007 . Light and electron microscope observations of Algirosphaera robusta (Prymnesiophyceae) . Journal of Phycology , 43 : 319 – 322 .
  • Quintero‐Torres , R. , Aragón , J. L. , Torres , M. , Estrada , M. and Cros , L. 2006 . Strong far‐field coherent scattering of untraviolet radiation by holococcolithophores . Physical Review , 74 doi: 10.1103/Phys‐RevE.74.032901
  • Romein , A. J. T. 1979 . Lineages in early Paleogene calcareous nannoplankton . Utrecht Micropaleontological Bulletins , 22 : 1 – 230 .
  • Roth , P. H. 1970 . Oligocene calcareous nannoplankton biostratigraphy . Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae , 63 : 799 – 881 .
  • Sáez , A. G. , Probert , I. , Geisen , M. , Quinn , P. , Young , J. R. and Medlin , L. K. 2003 . Pseudo‐cryptic speciation in coccolithophores . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 100 : 7163 – 7168 .
  • _____ , _____ , Young , J. R. , Edvardsen , B. , Eikrem , W. and Medlin , L. K. 2004 . “ A review of the phylogeny of the Haptophyta ” . In Coccolithophores: from Molecular Processes to Global Impact. , Edited by: Thierstein , H. R. and Young , J. R. 251 – 270 . Berlin : Springer .
  • Schiller , J. 1913 . Vorlaufige Ergebnisse der Phtyoplankton‐Untersuchungen auf den Fahrten SMS ‘Najade’ in der Adria 1911/12. I. Die Coccolithophoriden . Sitzungberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch‐Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse , 122 : 597 – 617 .
  • _____ . 1930 . “ Coccolithineae ” . In Kryptogamen‐Flora von Deutschland, Osterrich und der Schweiz 10. Band, 2 Abt. , Edited by: Rabenhorst , L. 89 – 267 . Leipzig : Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft .
  • Schlauder , J. 1945 . Recherches sur les flagellés calcaires de la Baie d'Alger. , Algiers : Université d'Alger .
  • Schwarz , E. H. L. 1894 . Coccoliths . Annals and Magazine of Natural History , 14 : 341 – 346 . series 6
  • Schwarz , E. 1932 . Beitrage zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Protophyten. IX. Der Formwechsel von Ochrosphaera neapolitana . Archiv für Pro‐tistenkunde , 77 : 434 – 462 .
  • Shafik , S. 1989 . Some new calcareous nannofossils from upper Eocene and lower Oligocene sediments in the Otway Basin, southeastern Australia . Alcheringa , 13 : 69 – 83 .
  • Sherwood , R. W. 1974 . Calcareous nannofossil systematics, paleoeco‐logy, and biostratigraphy of the middle Eocene Weches Formation of Texas . Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology , 11 : 1 – 79 .
  • Siesser , W. G. 1983 . Paleogene Calcareous Nannoplankton Biostratigraphy: Mississippi, Alabama and Tennessee . Bulletin of the Mississippi Department of Natural Resources , 125 : 1 – 61 .
  • Sprengel , C. , Baumann , K. H. and Neuer , S. 2000 . Seasonal and inter‐annual variation of coccolithophore fluxes and species composition in sediment traps north of Gran Canaria (29°N 15°W) . Marine Micropaleontology , 39 : 157 – 178 .
  • Stradner , H. 1962 . Über neue und wenig bekannte Nannofossilien aus Kreide und Alttertiär . Sonderabdruck aus den Verhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt , 2 : 363 – 377 .
  • _____ . 1969 . The nannofossils of the Eocene flysch in the Hagenbach Valley (northern Vienna Woods), Austria . Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego , 39 : 493 – 432 .
  • _____ and Edwards , A. R. 1968 . Electron microscope studies on upper Eocene coccoliths from the Oamaru Diatomite, New Zealand . Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt Wien, Special Volume , 13 : 1 – 66 .
  • Takahashi , K. and Okada , H. 2000 . Environmental control on the biogeography of modern coccolithophores in the southeastern Indian Ocean offshore of Western Australia . Marine Micropaleontology , 39 : 73 – 86 .
  • Takano , Y. , Hagino , K. , Tanaka , Y. , Horiguchi , T. and Okada , H. 2006 . Phylogenetic affinities of an enigmatic nannoplankton Braarudosphaera bigelowii based on the SSU rDNA sequences . Marine Micropaleontology , 60 : 145 – 156 .
  • Tan , S. H. 1927 . Discoasteridae incertae sedis . Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam Proceedings , 30 : 411 – 419 .
  • Theodoridis , S. 1984 . Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of the Miocene and revision of the helicoliths and discoasters . Utrecht Micropaleontological Bulletin , 32 : 1 – 271 .
  • Troelsen , J. C. and Quadros , L. P. 1971 . Distribuição biostratigráfîca dos nanofósseis em sedimentos marinhos (Aptian‐Mioceno) do Brasil . Annaes da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias , 43 : 577 – 609 .
  • Van Dongen , B. E. , Talbot , H. M. , Schouten , S. , Pearson , P. N. and Pancost , R. D. 2006 . Well preserved Palaeogene and Cretaceous bio‐markers from the Kilwa area, Tanzania . Organic Geochemistry , 37 : 539 – 557 .
  • Varol , O. 1989 . Eocene calcareous nannofossils from Sile (northwest Turkey) . Revista Española de Micropalaeontología , 21 : 273 – 320 .
  • _____ . 1991 . New Cretaceous and Tertiary calcareous nannofossils Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie . Abhandlungen , 182 : 211 – 237 .
  • _____ . 1992 . Sullivania a new genus of Paleogene coccoliths . Journal of Micropaleontology , 11 : 141 – 150 .
  • _____ . 1998 . “ Paleogene ” . In Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy. , Edited by: Bown , P. R. 200 – 224 . London : Kluwer Academic .
  • Viohl , G. 1990 . “ Solnhofen Lithographic Limestones ” . In Palaeobiology. , Edited by: Briggs , D. E. G. and Crowther , P. R. 285 – 289 . Oxford : Blackwell .
  • Wade , B. S. and Pearson , P. N. 2008 . Planktonic foraminiferal turnover, diversity fluctuations and geochemical signals across the Eocene/Oligocene boundary in Tanzania . Marine Micropaleontology. , 68 : 244 – 255 .
  • Wallich , G. C. 1877 . Observations on the coccosphere . Annals and Magazine of Natural History , 19 : 342 – 350 .
  • Wise , S. W. 1973 . Calcareous nannofossils from cores recovered during Leg 18, Deep Sea Drilling Project: biostratigraphy and observations on diagenesis . Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project , 18 : 569 – 615 .
  • _____ . 1983 . Mesozoic and Cenozoic calcareous nannofossils recovered by Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 71 in the Falkland Plateau Region, Southwest Atlantic Ocean . Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project , 71 : 481 – 550 .
  • Young , J. R. 1998 . “ Neogene ” . In Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy. , Edited by: Bown , P. R. 225 – 265 . London : Kluwer Academic .
  • _____ and Bown , P. R. 1997 . Cenozoic calcareous nannoplankton classification . Journal of Nannoplankton Research , 19 : 36 – 47 .
  • _____ , Didymus , J. M. , Bown , P. R. , Prins , B. and Mann , S. 1992 . Crystal assembly and phylogenetic evolution in heterococcoliths . Nature , 356 : 516 – 518 .
  • _____ , Bergen , J. A. , Bown , P. R. , Burnett , J. A. , Fiorentino , A. , Jordan , R. W. , Kleijne , A. , Van Niel , B. E. , Romein , A. J. T. and von Salis , K. 1997 . Guidelines for coccolith and calcareous nannofossil terminology . Palaeontology , 40 : 875 – 912 .
  • _____ , Davis , S. A. , Bown , P. R. and Mann , S. 1999 . Coccolith ultrastructure and biomineralisation . Journal of Structural Biology , 126 : 195 – 215 .
  • _____ , Geisen , M. , Cros , L. , Kleijne , A. , Sprengel , C. , Probert , I. and Ostergaard , K. K. 2003 . A guide to extant coccolithophore taxonomy . Journal of Nannoplankton Research, Special Issue , 1 : 1 – 125 .
  • _____ , Henriksen , K. and Probert , I. 2004 . “ Structure and morphogenesis of the coccoliths of the CODENET species ” . In Coccolithophores: from molecular process to global impact. , Edited by: Thierstein , H. R. and Young , J. R. 191 – 216 . Berlin : Springer .
  • _____ , Geisen , M. and Probert , I. 2005 . A review of selected aspects of coccolithophore biology with implications for paleodiversity estimation . Micropaleontology , 51 : 267 – 288 .
  • Zachos , J. C. and Kump , L. R. 2005 . Carbon cycle feedbacks and the initiation of Antarctic glaciation in the earliest Oligocene . Global and Planetary Change , 47 : 51 – 66 .
  • _____ , Pagani , M. , Sloan , L. , Thomas , E. and Billups , K. 2001 . Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present . Science , 292 : 686 – 693 .
  • Ziveri , P. , Broerse , A. T. C. , Van Hinte , J. E. , Westbroek , P. and Honjo , S. 2000 . The fate of coccoliths at 48°N 21°W, Northeastern Atlantic . Deep‐Sea Research , 47 : 1853 – 1875 .
  • Email: [email protected]
  • Email: [email protected]
  • Email: [email protected]

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.