Do Actions Speak Louder Than Words? A Comparison of Three Organizational Practices for Reducing Racial/Ethnic Harassment and Discrimination

References

• Anand, R., & Winters, M. (2008). A retrospective view of corporate diversity training from 1964 to the present. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 7, 356–372. doi:10.5465/AMLE.2008.34251673
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, D., & Shapiro, D. (1996). Racial differences in access to high-paying jobs and the wage gap between black and white women. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 49, 273–286. doi:10.2307/2524943
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson, L. M., & Pearson, C. M. (1999). Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 24, 452–471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azen, R., & Budescu, D. V. (2003). The dominance analysis approach for comparing predictors in multiple regression. Psychological Methods, 8, 129–148. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.8.2.129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin, T. T., & Ford, K. J. (1988). Transfer of training: A review and directions for future research. Personnel Psychology, 41, 63–105. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1988.tb00632.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman, M. E., Palmieri, P. A., Drasgow, F., & Ormerod, A. J. (2007). Racial and ethnic harassment and discrimination: In the eye of the beholder? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 144–160. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.12.2.144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman, M. E., Palmieri, P. A., Drasgow, F., & Ormerod, A. J. (2012). Racial/ethnic harassment and discrimination, its antecedents, and its effects on job-related outcomes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17, 65–78. doi:10.1037/a0026430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brief, A. P., Dietz, J., Cohen, R. R., Pugh, S. D., & Vaslow, J. B. (2000). Just doing business: Modern racism and obedience to authority as explanations for employment discrimination. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 81, 72–97. doi:10.1006/obhd.1999.2867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budescu, D. V. (1993). Dominance analysis: A new approach to the problem of relative importance of predictors in multiple regression. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 542–551. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Angelis, K., & Segal, D. (2012). Minorities in the military. In J. H. Laurence and M. D. Matthews (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of military psychology (pp. 325–343). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399325.013.0117
   Google Scholar
• Elig, T. W., Edwards, J. E., & Riemer, R. A. (1997). Armed Forces 1996 Equal Opportunity Survey: Administration, datasets, and codebook ( Report No. 97–026). Arlington, VA: Defense Manpower Data Center.
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, C., & Sonnenfeld, J. A. (1994). Diverse approaches to managing diversity. Human Resource Management, 33, 79–109. doi:10.1002/hrm.3930330106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ensher, E. A., Grant-Vallone, E. J., & Donaldson, S. I. (2001). Effects of perceived discrimination on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and grievances. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 12, 53–72. doi:10.1002/1532-1096(200101/02)12:1<53::AID-HRDQ5>3.0.CO;2-G
   Google Scholar
• Green, C. A., & Ferber, M. A. (2005). Do detailed work histories help to explain gender and race/ethnic wage differentials? Review of Social Economy, 63, 55–85. doi:10.1080/00346760500047982
   Google Scholar
• Gruys, M. L., & Sackett, P. R. (2003). Investigating the dimensionality of counterproductive work behavior. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 11, 30–42. doi:10.1111/1468-2389.00224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanisch, K. A., Hulin, C. L., & Roznowski, M. (1998). The importance of individuals’ repertoires of behaviors: The scientific appropriateness of studying multiple behaviors and general attitudes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 463–480. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199809)19:5<463::AID-JOB3899>3.0.CO;2-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, F. (2003). Diversity’s business case: Doesn’t add up. Workforce, 82, 28–32.
   Google Scholar
• Harrick, E. J., & Sullivan, G. M. (1995). Racial harassment: Case characteristics and employer responsibilities. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 8, 81–95. doi:10.1007/BF02621276
   Google Scholar
• Heckman, J., & Siegelman, P. (1993). The Urban Institute audit studies: Their methods and findings. In M. Fix and R. Stuyk (Eds.), Clear and convincing evidence: Measurement of discrimination in America (pp. 187–258). Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press.
   Google Scholar
• James, K., Lovato, C., & Khoo, G. (1994). Social identity correlates of minority workers’ health. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 383–396. doi:10.2307/256834
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalev, A., Dobbin, F., & Kelly, E. (2006). Best practices or best guesses? Assessing the efficacy of corporate affirmative action and diversity policies. American Sociological Review, 71, 589–617. doi:10.1177/000312240607100404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, K. J., & Sorra, J. S. (1996). The challenge of innovation implementation. The Academy of Management Review, 21, 1055–1080.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulik, C. T., & Roberson, L. (2008). Common goals and golden opportunities: Evaluations of diversity education in academic and organizational settings. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 7, 309–331. doi:10.5465/AMLE.2008.34251670
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebreton, J. M., Ployhart, R. E., & Ladd, R. T. (2004). A Monte Carlo comparison of relative importance methodologies. Organizational Research Methods, 7, 258–282. doi:10.1177/1094428104266017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre, R. M., Bartle, S. A., Landis, D., & Dansby, M. R. (2002). The effects of equal opportunity fairness attitudes on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and perceived work group efficacy. Military Psychology, 14, 299–319. doi:10.1207/S15327876MP1404_5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostroff, C., Kinicki, A. J., & Tamkins, M. M. (2003). Organizational culture and climate. In W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen, & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 565–593). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei1222
   Google Scholar
• Pate-Cornell, M. E. (1990). Organizational aspects of engineering system safety: The case of offshore platforms. Science, 250, 1210–1217. doi:10.1126/science.250.4985.1210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pendry, L. F., Driscoll, D. M., & Field, S. C. T. (2007). Diversity training: Putting theory into practice. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80, 27–50. doi:10.1348/096317906X118397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, R. K., Swanson, N. G., & Murphy, L. R. (2004). Discrimination and occupational mental health. Journal of Mental Health, 13, 129–142. doi:10.1080/09638230410001669264
   Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld, P., Newell, C. E., & Le, S. (1998). Equal opportunity climate of women and minorities in the Navy: Results from the Navy Equal Opportunity/Sexual Harassment (NEOSH) Survey. Military Psychology, 10, 69–85. doi:10.1207/s15327876mp1002_1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackett, P. R. (2002). The structure of counterproductive work behaviors: Dimensionality and relationships with facets of job performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 5–11. doi:10.1111/1468-2389.00189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez, J. I., & Medkik, N. (2004). The effects of diversity awareness training on differential treatment. Group & Organization Management, 29, 517–536. doi:10.1177/1059601103257426
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarville, J., Button, S. B., Edwards, J. E., Lancaster, A. R., & Elig, T. W. (1999). Armed Forces 1996 Equal Opportunity Survey ( Report No. 97–027). Arlington, VA: Defense Manpower Data Center.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, K. T., Hitlan, R. T., & Radhakrishnan, P. (2000). An examination of the nature and correlates of ethnic harassment experiences in multiple contexts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 3–12. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.1.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, R. C., Hilton, T. F., & Witt, L. A. (1998). Where the safety rubber meets the shop floor: A confirmatory model of management influence on workplace safety. Journal of Safety Research, 29, 15–24. doi:10.1016/S0022-4375(97)00025-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, J. H., Fitzgerald, L. F., & Drasgow, F. (1999). The effects of organizational practices on sexual harassment and individual outcomes in the military. Military Psychology, 11, 303–328. doi:10.1207/s15327876mp1103_6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegert, J. C., & Hanges, P. J. (2005). Employment discrimination: The role of implicit attitudes, motivation, and a climate for racial bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 553–562. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zohar, D. (2000). A group-level model of safety climate: Testing the effect of group climate on microaccidents in manufacturing jobs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 587–596. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.4.587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar