Longevity of antibody and T-cell responses against outer membrane antigens of Orientia tsutsugamushi in scrub typhus patients

References

• Kim G, Ha NY, Min CKet al.Diversification of Orientia tsutsugamushi genotypes by intragenic recombination and their potential expansion in endemic areas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017;11: e0005408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitzel T, Dittrich S, Lopez Jet al.Endemic scrub typhus in South America. N Engl J Med 2016;375: 954–961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maina AN, Farris CM, Odhiambo Aet al.Q fever, scrub typhus, and rickettsial diseases in children, Kenya, 2011-2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2016;22: 883–886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiga JW, Mutai BK, Eyako WKet al.High seroprevalence of antibodies against spotted fever and scrub typhus bacteria in patients with febrile illness, Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 2015;21: 688–691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker DH.Scrub typhus— scientific neglect, ever-widening impact. New Engl J Med 2016;375: 913–915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho BA, Ko Y, Kim YSet al.Phenotypic characterization of peripheral T cells and their dynamics in scrub typhus patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012;6: e1789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moron CG, Popov VL, Feng HMet al.Identification of the target cells of Orientia tsutsugamushi in human cases of scrub typhus. Mod Pathol 2001;14: 752–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paris DH, Shelite TR, Day NPet al.Unresolved problems related to scrub typhus: a seriously neglected life-threatening disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013;89: 301–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor AJ, Paris DH, Newton PN.A systematic review of mortality from untreated scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015;9: e0003971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watt G, Chouriyagune C, Ruangweerayud Ret al.Scrub typhus infections poorly responsive to antibiotics in northern Thailand. Lancet 1996;348: 86–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathai E, Rolain JM, Verghese GMet al.Outbreak of scrub typhus in southern India during the cooler months. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003;990: 359–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgeois AL, Olson JG, Fang RCet al.Humoral and cellular responses in scrub typhus patients reflecting primary infection and reinfection with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1982;31 (3 Pt 1): 532–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahajan SK, Rolain JM, Kashyap Ret al.Scrub typhus in Himalayas. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12: 1590–1592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valbuena G, Walker DH.Approaches to vaccines against Orientia tsutsugamushi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012;2: 170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seong SY, Kim HR, Huh MSet al.Induction of neutralizing antibody in mice by immunization with recombinant 56 kDa protein of Orientia tsutsugamushi. Vaccine 1997;15: 1741–1747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ha NY, Sharma P, Kim Get al.Immunization with an autotransporter protein of Orientia tsutsugamushi provides protective immunity against scrub typhus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015;9: e0003585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauptmann M, Kolbaum J, Lilla Set al.Protective and pathogenic roles of CD8+ T lymphocytes in murine Orientia tsutsugamushi infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016;10: e0004991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu G, Mendell NL, Liang Yet al.CD8+ T cells provide immune protection against murine disseminated endotheliotropic Orientia tsutsugamushi infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017;11: e0005763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidarsson G, Dekkers G, Rispens T.IgG subclasses and allotypes: from structure to effector functions. Front Immunol 2014;5: 520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders JP, Brown GW, Shirai Aet al.The longevity of antibody to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in patients with confirmed scrub typhus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1980;74: 253–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim DM, Lee YM, Back JHet al.A serosurvey of Orientia tsutsugamushi from patients with scrub typhus. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010;16: 447–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen HW, Zhang Z, Huber Eet al.Kinetics and magnitude of antibody responses against the conserved 47-kilodalton antigen and the variable 56-kilodalton antigen in scrub typhus patients. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2011;18: 1021–1027.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ha NY, Kim Y, Choi JHet al.Detection of antibodies against Orientia tsutsugamushi Sca proteins in scrub typhus patients and genetic variation of sca genes of different strains. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2012;19: 1442–1451.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parker KC, Bednarek MA, Coligan JE.Scheme for ranking potential HLA-A2 binding peptides based on independent binding of individual peptide side-chains. J Immunol 1994;152: 163–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rammensee H, Bachmann J, Emmerich NPet al.SYFPEITHI: database for MHC ligands and peptide motifs. Immunogenetics 1999;50: 213–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreatta M, Nielsen M.Gapped sequence alignment using artificial neural networks: application to the MHC class I system. Bioinformatics 2016;32: 511–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Cho NH, Kim SYet al.Fibronectin facilitates the invasion of Orientia tsutsugamushi into host cells through interaction with a 56-kDa type-specific antigen. J Infect Dis 2008;198: 250–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho BA, Cho NH, Seong SYet al.Intracellular invasion by Orientia tsutsugamushi is mediated by integrin signaling and actin cytoskeleton rearrangements. Infect Immun 2010;78: 1915–1923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seong SY, Huh MS, Jang WJet al.Induction of homologous immune response to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi Boryong with a partial 56-kilodalton recombinant antigen fused with the maltose-binding protein MBP-Bor56. Infect Immun 1997;65: 1541–1545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ha NY, Shin HM, Sharma Pet al.Generation of protective immunity against Orientia tsutsugamushi infection by immunization with a zinc oxide nanoparticle combined with ScaA antigen. J Nanobiotechnol 2016;14: 76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ching WM, Wang H, Eamsila Cet al.Expression and refolding of truncated recombinant major outer membrane protein antigen (r56) of Orientia tsutsugamushi and its use in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1998;5: 519–526.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ohashi N, Nashimoto H, Ikeda Het al.Diversity of immunodominant 56-kDa type-specific antigen (TSA) of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Sequence and comparative analyses of the genes encoding TSA homologues from four antigenic variants. J Biol Chem 1992;267: 12728–12735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson DM, Huxsoll DL.Protection against scrub typhus infection engendered by the passive transfer of immune sera. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1975;6: 477–482.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robinson DM, Gan E, Chan TCet al.Patterns of rickettsemia and antibody response in silvered leaf monkeys (Presbytis cristatus after inoculation with virulent and avirulent strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. J Infect Dis 1977;135: 664–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Fost M, Chierakul W, Pimda Ket al.Activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes in patients with scrub typhus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005;72: 465–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumonwiriya M, Paris DH, Sunyakumthorn Pet al.Strong interferon-gamma mediated cellular immunity to scrub typhus demonstrated using a novel whole cell antigen ELISpot assay in rhesus macaques and humans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017;11: e0005846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang SJ, Jin HM, Cho YNet al.Increased level and interferon-gamma production of circulating natural killer cells in patients with scrub typhus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017;11: e0005815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smadel JE, Ley HL Jr, Diercks FHet al.Immunization against scrub typhus. I. Combined living vaccine and chemoprophylaxis in volunteers. Am J Hyg 1951;53: 317–325.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ley HL Jr, Diercks FH, Paterson PYet al.Immunization against scrub typhus. IV. Living Karp vaccine and chemoprophylaxis in volunteers. Am J Hyg 1952;56: 303–312.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smadel JE, Ley HL Jr, Diercks FHet al.Immunization against scrub typhus: duration of immunity in volunteers following combined living vaccine and chemoprophylaxis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1952;1: 87–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smadel JE, Ley HL Jr, Diercks FHet al.Immunity in scrub typhus: resistance to induced reinfection. AMA Arch Pathol 1950;50: 847–861.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takahashi K, Urakami H, Tamura A.Purification of cell envelopes of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Microbiol Immunol 1985;29: 475–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seong SY, Park SG, Huh MSet al.Mapping of antigenic determinant regions of the Bor56 protein of Orientia tsutsugamushi. Infect Immun 1997;65: 5250–5256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho NH, Kim HR, Lee JHet al.The Orientia tsutsugamushi genome reveals massive proliferation of conjugative type IV secretion system and host–cell interaction genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104: 7981–7986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar