42
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
RANZCP CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES

Summary Australian and New Zealand clinical practice guideline for the treatment of schizophrenia 2003

, , , , &
Pages 136-147 | Published online: 07 Aug 2009

REFERENCES

  • Jablensky A, McGrath J, Herrman H, et al. People Living with Psychotic Illness: An Australian Study 1997–98 An Overview. Overview of the Method and Results of Low Prevalence (Psychotic) Disorders as part of the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Low Prevalence Disorders Study Group, Commonwealth Department of Health and Age Care, Canberra 1999
  • Boyce P, Ellis P, Penrose-Wall J. The Australian and New Zealand Clinical Practice Guidelines for Specialist Adult Mental Health Care: An introduction. Australasian Psychiatry 2003; 1: 21–25
  • Harrison G, Hopper K, Craig T, et al. Recovery from psychotic illness: A 15- and 25- year international follow-up study. British Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 178: 506–517
  • SANE Australia. Schizophrenia: Costs. An Analysis of the Burden of Schizophrenia and Related Suicide in Australia. 2002, Access Economics Report
  • Coghlan R, Lawrence D, Holman C, Jablensky A. Duty to Care: Physical Illness in People with Mental Illness. University of Western Australia, Perth 2001
  • Brown S, Inskip H, Barraclough B. Causes of the excess mortality of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 177: 212–217
  • Carr V, Neil A, Halpin S, Holmes S. Costs of psychosis in urban Australia. National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing Bulletin 2. Low Prevalence Disorders Study Group, Commonwealth Department of Health and Age Care, Canberra 2002
  • McGorry P. Translating advances in schizophrenia treatment: a glass ceiling. Medical Journal of Australia, in press
  • Pantelis C, Velakoulis D, McGorry P D, et al. Neuroanatomical abnormalities in people who develop psychosis. Lancet 2003; 361: 281–288
  • McGorry P D, Yung A R, Phillips L J, et al. Randomized controlled trial of interventions designed to reduce the risk of progression to first episode psychosis in a clinical sample with subthreshold symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry 2002; 59: 921–928
  • Yung A R, Phillips L J, Yuen H P, et al. Psychosis prediction: 12-month follow up of a high risk (‘prodromal’) group. Schizophrenia Research 2003; 60: 21–32
  • Woods S, Zipursky R, Perkins D, Addington J, Marquez E, Breier A, McGlashan T H. Olanzapine vs. placebo for prodromal symptoms. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2002; 106: S413–43
  • Cornblatt B, Lencz T, Correll C, Author A, Smith C. Treating the prodrome: Naturalistic findings from the RPA Program. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2002; 106(S413)44
  • Bechdolf A, Wagner M, Hambrecht M. Psychological intervention in the prepsychotic phase: preliminary results of a multicentre trial. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2002; 106(S413)41
  • McGlashan T. Duration of untreated psychosis in first-episode schizophrenia: Marker or determinant of course?. Biological Psychiatry 1999; 46: 899–907
  • The Recognition and Management of Early Psychosis: A Preventive Approach, P D McGorry, H Jackson. Cambridge University Press, UK 1999
  • Early Intervention in Psychosis. A Guide to Concepts, Evidence and Intervention, M Birchwood, D Fowler, C Jackson. Wiley, Chichester 2000
  • The Early Stages of Schizophrenia, R B Zipursky, S C Schulz. American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington DC 2002
  • Implementing Early Intervention in Psychosis: A Guide to Establishing Early Psychosis Services, J Edwards, P D McGorry. Dunitz, London 2002
  • National Service Framework for Mental Health: Modern Standards and Service Models. Department of Health, London 2000
  • Schizophrenia: Core Interventions in the Treatment and Management of Schizophrenia in Primary and Secondary Care. Abba Litho Sales, London 2002
  • Harrigan S M, McGorry P D, Krstev H. Does treatment delay in first-episode psychosis really matter?. Psychological Medicine 2003; 33: 97–110
  • Norman R MG, Malla A K. Duration of untreated psychosis: A critical examination of the concept and its importance. Psychological Medicine 2001; 31: 381–400
  • Malla A K, Norman R MG. Early intervention in schizophrenia and related disorders: Advantages and pitfalls. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2002; 15: 17–23
  • Lieberman J A, Fenton W S. Delayed detection of psychosis: Causes, consequences, and effect on public health. American Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 157: 1727–1730
  • Zammit S, Allebeck P, Andreasson S, Lundberg I, Lewis G. Self reported cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia in Swedish conscripts of 1969: Historical cohort study. British Medical Journal 2002; 325: 1199–1203
  • Linszen D H, Dingemans P M, Lenior M E. Cannabis abuse and the course of recent-onset schizophrenic disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 1994; 51: 273–279
  • Larsen T K, McGlashan T H, Johannessen J O, et al. Shortened duration of untreated first episode of psychosis: Changes in patient characteristics at treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1917–1919
  • Johannessen J O, McGlashan T H, Larsen T K, et al. Early detection strategies for untreated first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 2001; 51: 39–46
  • Fitzgerald P, Kulkarni J. Home-oriented management program for people with early psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 172: 39–44, (Suppl. 33)
  • McGorry P D, Chanen A, McCarthy E, Van Riel R, McKenzie D, Singh B S. Post-traumatic stress disorder following recent-onset psychosis: An unrecognised post-psychotic syndrome. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1991; 179: 253–258
  • Shaw K, McFarlane A, Bookless C. The phenomenology of traumatic reactions to psychotic illness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1997; 185: 434–441
  • Meyer H, Taimimen T, Vuori T, Äijalä Ä, Helenius H. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms related to psychosis and acute involuntary hospitalization in schizophrenic and delusional patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1999; 187: 343–352
  • Remington G, Kapur S, Zipursky R B. Pharmacotherapy of first-episode schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 172: 66–70, (Suppl. 33)
  • Emsley R A. Risperidone in the treatment of first-episode psychotic patients: A double-blind multicenter study. Risperidone Working Group. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1999; 25: 721–729
  • Merlo M CG, Hofer H, Gekle W, et al. Risperidone, 2 mg/day vs. 4 mg/day, in first-episode, acutely psychotic patients: Treatment efficacy and effects on fine motor functioning. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2002; 63: 885–891
  • Kapur S, Remington G. Atypical antipsychotics. Patients value the lower incidence of extrapyramidial side effects. British Medical Journal 2000; 321: 1360–1361
  • Geddes J. Prevention of relapse in schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine 2002; 346: 56–57
  • Lewis S, Tarrier N, Haddock G, et al. Randomised, cotrolled trial of cognitive-behaviour therapy in early schizophrenia: Acute phase outcomes. British Journal of Psychiatry 2002; 181: S91–S97
  • Jackson H J, McGorry P D, Edwards J, et al. Cognitively-oriented psychotherapy for early psychosis (COPE). Preliminary results. British Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 172: 93–100, (Suppl. 33)
  • Gleeson J, Jackson H J, Stavely H, Burnett P. Family intervention in early psychosis. The Recognition and Management of Early Psychsis. A Preventive Approach, P D McGorry, H J Jackson. Cambridge University Press, UK 1999; 376–406
  • Zhang M, Wang M, Li J, Phillips M R. Randomised-control trial of family intervention for 78 first-episode male schizophrenic patients: An 18-month study in Suzhou, Jiangsu. British Journal of Psychiatry 1994; 24: 96–102, (Suppl.)
  • Edwards J, Maude D, Herrman-Doig T, et al. A service response to prolonged recovery in early psychosis. Psychiatric Services 2002; 53: 1067–1069
  • Meltzer H Y, Alphs L, Green A I, et al. for the InterSePT, Study Group. Clozapine Treatment for Suicidality in Schizophrenia: International Suicide Prevention Trial (InterSePT). Archives of General Psychiatry 2003; 60: 82–91
  • Robinson D G, Woerner M G, Alvir J MJ, et al. Predictors of treatment response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 156: 544–549
  • Birchwood M, MacMillian F. Early intervention in schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1993; 27: 374–378
  • Lenior M E, Dingemans P MAJ, Linszen D H, de Haan L, Schene A H. Social functioning and the course of early-onset schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 179: 53–58
  • Power P, Bell R, Mills R, et al. Suicide prevention in first episode psychosis. The development of a randomised controlled trial of cognitive therapy for acutely suicidal patients with early psychosis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry (Suppl.), in press
  • Drake R E, McHugo G J, Bebout R R, et al. A randomised controlled trial of supported employment for inner-city patients with severe mental illness. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999; 56: 627–633
  • Lehman A F, Goldberg R, Dixon L B, et al. Improving employment outcomes for persons with severe mental illnesses. Archives of General Psychiatry 2002; 59: 165–172
  • Hogarty G, Kornblith S, Greenwald D, et al. Three year trials of personal therapy among schizophrenic patients living with or independent of family, I. Description of study and effects on relapse rates. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 154: 1504–1514
  • Hogarty G, Greenwald D, Ulrich R T, et al. Three year trials of personal therapy among schizophrenic patients living with or independent of family, II. Effects on adjustment of patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 154: 1515–1524
  • Pilling S, Bebbington P, Kuipers E, Garety Geddes J, Orbach G, Morgan C. Psychological treatments in schizophrenia. I. Meta-analysis of family intervention and cognitive behaviour therapy. Psychological Medicine 2002; 32: 763–782
  • Pilling S, Bebbington P, Kuipers E, et al. Psychological treatments in schizophrenia. II. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of social skills training and cognitive remediation. Psychological Medicine 2002; 32: 783–791
  • Schooler N J, Keith S J, Severe J B, et al. Relapse and rehospitalisation during maintenance treatment of schizophrenia. The effects of dose reduction and family treamtment. Archives of General Psychiatry 1997; 54: 453–463
  • Czernansky J G, Mahmoud R, Brenner R. A comparison of risperidone and haloperidol for the prevention of relapse in patients with schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine 2002; 346: 16–22
  • Marshall M, Lockwood A. Assertive community treatment for people with severe mental disorders (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Barrowclough C, Haddock G, Tarrier N, et al. Randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing, cognitive behavior therapy, and family intervention for patients with comorbid schizophrenia and substance use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1706–1713
  • Harris E C, Barraclough B. Excess mortality of mental disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 173: 11–53
  • Wykes T, van der Gaag M. Is it time to develop a new cognitive therapy for psychosis-cognitive remediation therapy (CRT)?. Clinical Psychology Review 2001; 8: 1227–1256
  • Cohen P, Cohen J. The clinician's illusion. Archives of General Psychiatry 1984; 41: 1178–1182
  • Garety P A, Fowler D, Kuipers E. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for medication-resistant symptoms. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2000; 26: 73–86
  • Kerr I B, Taylor D. Mental health emergencies. Caution is needed with rapid tranquillisation protocol. British Medical Journal 1997; 315: 885
  • Andrews G, Sanderson K, Corry J, Issakidis C, Lapsley H. The cost effectiveness of current and optimal treatment for schizophrenia: Evidence based medicine is affordable. British Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 21: 1227–1256
  • Barbato A, D'Avanzo B. Family interventions in schizophrenia and related disorders: A critical review of clinical trials. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2000; 102: 81–97
  • Barbui C, Saraceno B. Low-dose neuroleptic therapy and extrapyramidal side effects in schizophrenia: An effect size analysis. European Psychiatry 1996; 11: 412–415
  • Bech P, Peuskens J C, Marder S R, et al. Meta-analytic study of the benefits and risks of treating chronic schizophrenia with risperidone or conventional neuroleptics. European Psychiatry 1998; 13: 310–314
  • Bollini P, Pampallona S, Orza M J, Adams M E, Chalmers T C. Antipsychotic drugs: Is more worse? A meta-analysis of the published randomized control trials. Psychological Medicine 1994; 24: 307–316
  • Chakos M, Lieberman J, Hoffman E, Bradford D, Sheitman B. Effectiveness of second-generation antipsychotics in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: A review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 158: 518–526
  • Chilvers R, Macdonald G M, Hayes A A. Supported housing for people with severe mental disorders (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Cormac I, Jones C, Campbell C, Silveira da Mota Neto J. Cognitive behaviour therapy for schizophrenia (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Crowther R, Marshall M, Bond G, Huxley P. Vocational rehabilitation for people with severe mental illness (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Cuijpers P. The effects of family interventions on relatives' burden: A meta-analysis. Journal of Mental Health 1999; 8: 275–285
  • Cure S, Carpenter S. Droperidol for acute psychosis (Cochrane Review). The CochraneLibrary. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • de Oliveira I R, Miranda-Scippa A M, de Sena E P, et al. Risperidone versus haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia: A meta-analysis comparing their efficacy and safety. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 1996; 21: 349–358
  • Drake R E, Mercer-McFadden C, Mueser K T, McHugo G J, Bond G R. Review of integrated mental health and substance abuse treatment for patients with dual disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1998; 24: 589–608
  • Duggan L, Fenton M, Dardennes R M, El-Dosoky A, Indran S. Olanzapine for schizophrenia (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Fenton M, Coutinho E SF, Campbell C. Zuclopenthixol acetate in the treatment of acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Geddes J, Freemantle N, Harrison P, Bebbington P. Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: Systematic overview and meta-regression analysis. British Medical Journal 2000; 321: 1371–1376
  • Gilbody S M, Bagnall A M, Duggan L, Tuunainen A. Risperidone versus other atypical antipsychotic medication for schizophrenia (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Gould R A, Mueser K T, Bolton E, Mays V, Goff D. Cognitive therapy for psychosis in schizophrenia: An effect size analysis. Schizophrenia Research 2001; 48: 335–342
  • Hayes R L, McGrath J J. Cognitive rehabilitation for people with schizophrenia and related conditions (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Huxley N A, Rendall M, Sederer L. Psychosocial treatments in schizophrenia: A review of the past 20 years. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2000; 188: 187–201
  • Joy C B, Mumby-Croft R, Joy L A. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (fish or evening primrose oil) for schizophrenia (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Joy C B, Adams C E, Rice K. Crisis intervention for people with severe mental illnesses (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Kennedy E, Song F, Hunter R, Clarke A, Gilbody S. Risperidone versus typical anti-psychotic medication for schizophrenia (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Ley A, Jeffery D P, McLaren S, Siegfried N. Psychosocial treatment programmes for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Leucht S, Pitschel-Walz G, Abraham D, Kissling W. Efficacy and extrapyramidal side-effects of the new antipsychotics olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and sertindole compared to conventional antipsychotics and placebo: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Schizophrenia Research 1999; 35: 51–68
  • Malmberg L, Fenton M. Individual psychodynamic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis for schizophrenia and severe mental illness (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Marshall M, Lockwood A. Assertive community treatment for people with severe mental disorders (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Marshall M, Gray A, Lockwood A, Green R. Case management for people with severe mental disorders (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Marshall M, Crowther R, Almaraz-Serrano A, et al. Day hospital versus admission for acute psychiatric disorders (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Marshall M, Crowther R, Almaraz-Serrano A M, Tyrer P. Day hospital versus out-patient care for psychiatric disorders (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Mojtabai R, Nicholson R A, Carpenter B N. Role of psychosocial treatments in management of schizophrenia: A meta-analytic review of controlled outcome studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1998; 24: 569–587
  • Mueser K T, Bond G R, Drake R E, Resnick S G. Models of community care for severe mental illness: A review of research on case management. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1998; 24: 37–74
  • Neto J IS, Lima M S, Soares B GO. Amisulpride for schizophrenia (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Nicol M M, Robertson L, Connaughton J A. Life skills programmes for chronic mental illnesses (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Peuskens J, De Hert M, Jones M. The clinical value of risperidone and olanzapine: A meta-analysis of efficacy and safety. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice 2001; 5: 179–187
  • Pharoah F M, Mari J J, Streiner D. Family intervention for schizophrenia (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Rector N A, Beck A T. Cognitive behavioral therapy for schizophrenia: An empirical review. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2001; 189: 278–287
  • Sailas E, Fenton M. Seclusion and restraint for people with serious mental illnesses (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Srisurapanont M, Disayavanish C, Taimkaew K. Quetiapine for schizophrenia (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Tharyan P, Adams C E. Electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Tuunainen A, Wahlbeck K, Gilbody S M. Newer atypical antipsychotic medication versus clozapine for schizophrenia (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Tyrer P, Coid J, Simmonds S, Joseph P, Marriott S. Community mental health teams (CMHTs) for people with severe mental illnesses and disordered personality (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Wahlbeck K, Cheine M, Essali M A. Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • Waraich P S, Adams C E, Roque M, Hamill K M, Marti J. Haloperidol dose for the acute phase of schizophrenia (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Update Software, Oxford 2003
  • National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Schizophrenia: core interventions in the treatment and management of schizophrenia in primary and secondary care. Clinical Guideline 1. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Abba Litho Sales Ltd., London 2002; 62, ISBN: 1–84257–257–1
  • National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Schizophrenia: core interventions in the treatment and management of schizophrenia in primary and secondary care. Clinical practice algorithms and pathways to care. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Abba Litho Sales Ltd., London 2002; 3, ISBN: 1–84257–257–1
  • National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Treating and managing schizophrenia (core interventions). Understanding NICE guidance - information for people with schizophrenia, their advocates and carers, and the public. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Abba Litho Sales Ltd., London 2002; 39, ISBN: 1–84257–258-X
  • Bassett A, Addington D. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of schizophrenia. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 43, Suppl. 2
  • APA. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 154: 1–63, (Suppl 4)
  • Guideline Development Group. Psychosocial Interventions for the Management of Schizophrenia. A National Clinical Guideline. Edinburgh 1998, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) Pub. no. 30
  • The Schizophrenias: guidelines for an holistic approach to clinical practice. New South Wales Health Department, NSW 2001, ISBN: 07347–33241–4
  • The Expert Consensus Panel. Treatment of schizophrenia: the expert consensus guideline series. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1999; 60: 3–80, (Suppl 11)
  • Evidence Base for the Clinical Standards for Schizophrenia. Clinical Standards Board for Scotland, Edinburgh 2001, ISBN: 1–903766–02–8
  • New South Wales Health Department. The Management of People with Co-Existing Mental Health and Substance Use Disorder: Service Delivery Guidelines. NSW 2000, State Health Publication No. (CMH) 000040. ISBN: 0 7347–3154-X
  • Centre for Mental Health. Mental Health for Emergency Deprtments - A reference guide (pocket version). New South Wales Health Department, NSW 2001, SHPN: (CMH) 010032. ISBN: 0 7347–3273–2
  • Best Practices - Concurrent Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders. Health Canada. 2002; 161, Cat. H39–599/2001–2E, ISBN 0–662–31388–7
  • Strasser K M. Smoking Reduction and Cessation for People with Schizophrenia- Guidelines for General Practitioners. 2001, These guidelines are the result of a collaborative enterprise between SANE Australia and the University of Melbourne Department of Psychiatry, funded by the Victorian Department of Human Services Victorian and Quit Victoria. Endorsed by the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners and the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.