References
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 3rd ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 1980
- World Health Organization, 1992. World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. World Health Organization, 1992, Geneva 1992
- Sartorius N, Kaelber C T, Cooper J E, et al. Progress toward achieving a common language in psychiatry. Results from the field trial of the clinical guidelines accompanying the WHO classification of mental and behavioural disorders in ICD-10. Archives of General Psychiatry 1993; 50: 115–124
- Khachaturian Z S. An overview of Alzheimer's disease research. American Journal of Medicine 1998; 104(4A)26S–31S
- Lander E S, Schork N J. Genetic dissection of complex traits. Science 1994; 265: 2037–2048
- Regier D A, Kaelber C T, Rae D S, et al. Limitations of diagnostic criteria and assessment instruments for mental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 1998; 55: 109–115
- World Health Organization, 1974. World Health Organization. Glossary of mental disorders and guide to their classification. World Health Organization, 1974, Geneva 1974
- Rutter M, Lebovici L, Eisenberg L, et al. A tri-axial classification of mental disorders in childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1969; 10: 41–61
- Wing J K, Cooper J E, Sartorius N. Measurement and classification of psychiatric symptoms. Cambridge University Press, London 1974
- Klerman G L. The contemporary American scene: diagnosis and classification of mental disorders, alcoholism and drug abuse. Sources and traditions of classification in psychiatry, N Sartorius, A Jablensky, D A Regier, J D Burke, R MA Hirschfeld. Hogrefe and Huber, Toronto 1990; 93–137
- Jablensky A, Sartorius N, Hirschfeld R, Pardes H. Diagnosis and classification of mental disorders and alcohol- and drug-related problems: a research agenda for the 1980s. Psychological Medicine 1983; 13: 907–921
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4th ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 1994
- Berrios G E. Descriptive psychopathology: conceptual and historical aspects. Psychological Medicine 1984; 14: 303–313
- Eisenberg L. Mindlessness and brainlessness in psychiatry. British Journal of Psychiatry 1986; 149: 497–508
- Burleigh M. Death and deliverance. ‘Euthanasia’in Germany 1900–1945. Cambridge University Press, . Cambridge 1994
- Gutt A, Rüdin E, Ruttke F. Gesetz zur Verhütung erbkranken Nachwuchses 2nd ed. Lehmann, München 1936; 132
- Bloch S, Reddaway P. Russia's political hospitals: the abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union. Gollancz, . London 1977
- Scott J. Homelessness and mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 1993; 162: 314–324
- Eisenberg L. The human nature of human nature. Science 1972; 176: 123–128
- Guze S B. Biological psychiatry: is there any other kind?. Psychological Medicine 1989; 19: 315–323
- Strauss J S. Subjectivity. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 1996; 184: 205–212
- Jaspers K. General psychopathology. Manchester University Press, Manchester 1963; 569, Hoenig J, Hamilton MW, trans.
- Essen-Möller E. On classification of mental disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1961; 37: 119–126
- Millon T. Classification in psychopathology: rationale, alternatives, and standards. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1991; 100: 245–261
- Andreason N C. Changing concepts of schizophrenia and the ahistorical fallacy. American Journal of Psychiatry 1994; 151: 1405–1407
- Regier D A, Kaelber C T, Roper M T, Rae D S, Sartorius N. The ICD-10 clinical field trial for mental and behavioral disorders: results in Canada and the United States. American Journal of Psychiatry 1994; 151: 1340–1350
- Wittchen H U. What is comorbidity—fact or artefact?. British Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 168(Suppl. 30)7–8
- Feinstein A. The pre-therapeutic classification of comorbidity in chronic disease. Journal of Chronic Diseases 1970; 23: 455–462
- Fabrega H. Diagnosis interminable: toward a culturally sensitive DSM-IV. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1992; 180: 5–7
- Crow T J, DeLisi L E. The chromosome workshops at the 5th International Congress of Psychiatric Genetics: the weight of the evidence from genome scans. Psychiatric Genetics 1998; 8: 59–61
- Ginsburg B E, Werick T M, Escobar J I, Kugelmass S, Treanor J J, Wendtland L. Molecular genetics of psychopathologies: a search for simple answers to complex problems. Behavior Genetics 1996; 26: 325–333
- Evans S A. Causation and disease: the Henle-Koch postulates revisited. Yale Journal of Biology in Medicine 1976; 49: 175–195
- Plomin R, Owen M J, Mc Guffin P. The genetic basis of complex human behaviors. Science 1994; 264: 1733–1739
- Scadding G. Nosology, taxonomy and the classification conundrum of the functional psychoses. British Journal of Psychiatry 1993; 162: 237–238
- Rothblum E D, Solomon L J, Albee G W. A sociopolitical perspective of DSM-III. Contemporary directions in psychopathology: toward the DSM-IV, T Millon, G L Klerman. Guilford, New York 1986; 167–189
- Blashfield R K. Structural approaches to classification. Contemporary directions in psychopathology: toward the DSM-IV, T Millon, G L Klerman. Guilford Press, New York 1986; 363–380
- Cantor N, Smith E E, French R S, Mezzich J. Psychiatric diagnosis as prototype classification. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1980; 89: 181–193
- Kandel E R. A new intellectual framework for psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 155: 457–469
- Rosenberg R N. DNA-triplet repeats and neurologic disease [Editorial]. New England Journal of Medicine 1996; 335: 1222–1224
- Johns D R. Mitochondrial DNAand disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1995; 333: 638–644