References
- Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 1994
- Johnston L M. Tobacco smoking and nicotine. Lancet 1942; 243: 742
- Finnegan J K, Larson P S, Haag H B. The role of nicotine in the cigarette habit. Science 1945; 102: 94–96
- Hamilton Russell M A. Cigarette smoking: natural history of a dependence disorder. British Journal of Medical Psychology 1971; 44: 9
- Henningfield J E, Schuh L M, Jarvik M E. Pathophysiology of tobacco dependence. Psychopharmacology: the fourth generation of progress, F E Bloom, D J Kupfer. Raven, New York 1995; 1715–1729
- Edwards G, Gross M M. Alcohol dependence: provisional description of a clinical syndrome. British Medical Journal 1976; 1: 1058–1061
- Royas N L, Killen J D, Hydel K F, Robinson T N. Nicotine dependence among adolescent smokers. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 1998; 152: 151–156
- Laugensen M. Tobacco statistics 1996. Cancer Society of New Zealand and the New Zealand Ministry of Health, Wellington 1996
- Pomerleau C S. Co-factors for smoking and evolutionary psychobiology. Addiction 1997; 92: 397–408
- Silagy C, Mant D, Fowler G, Lodge M. Meta-analysis on efficacy of nicotine replacement therapies in smoking cessation. Lancet 1994; 343: 139–142
- Hurt R D, Sachs P L, Glover E D, et al. A comparison of sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation. New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 337: 1195–1202
- Hall S M, Reus V I, Munoz R F, et al. Nortriptyline and cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of cigarette smoking. Archives of General Psychiatry 1998; 55: 686–690
- Bien T H, Miller W R, Tonigan J S. Brief interventions for alcohol problems: a review. Addiction 1993; 88: 315–336
- Glassman A H. Psychiatry and cigarettes. Archives of General Psychiatry 1998; 55: 692–693