Is depression more prevalent in old age?

References

• De Beauvoir S. Old Age. Penguin, Harmondsworth 1977
   Google Scholar
• Jarvik L. Aging and depression. Some unanswered questions. Journal of Gerontology 1976; 31: 342–346
   Google Scholar
• Copeland J R.M, Beekman A T.F, Dewey M E, et al. Depression in Europe. Geographical distribution among older people. British Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 174: 312–321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katona C L.E. Depression in Old Age. Wiley, Chichester 1994
   Google Scholar
• Palsson S, Skoog I. The epidemiology of affective disorders in the elderly: a review. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 1977; 12(Suppl. 7)S3–S13
   Google Scholar
• Gallo J J, Lebowitz B D. The epidemiology of common late-life mental disorders in the community: themes for the new century. Psychiatric Services 1999; 50: 1158–1166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beekman A T.F, Copeland J R.M, Prince M J. Review of community prevalence of depression in later life. British Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 174: 307–311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blazer D, Williams C D. Epidemiology of dysphoria and depression in an elderly population. American Journal of Psychiatry 1980; 137: 439–444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay D W.K, Henderson A S, Scott R, Wilson J, Rickwood D, Grayson D A. The prevalence of dementia and depression among the elderly living in the Hobart community: the effect of the diagnostic criteria on the prevalence rates. Psychological Medicine 1985; 15: 771–788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer M, German P S, Anthony J C, Van Korff M, Skinner E A. Patterns of mental disorders among the elderly residents of Eastern Baltimore. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1985; 33: 236–245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kivela S-L, Pahkala K, Laippala P. Prevalence of depression in an elderly population in Finalnd. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1988; 78: 401–413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madianos M G, Gournas G, Stefanis C N. Depressive symptoms and depression among elderly people in Athens. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1992; 86: 320–326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skoog I. The prevalence of psychotic, depressive and anxiety syndromes in demented and non-demented 85-year-olds. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1993; 8: 247–253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson A S, Jorm A F, Mackinnon A, et al. The prevalence of depressive disorders and the distribution of depressive symptoms in later life: a survey using Draft ICD-10 and. DSM-III-R. Psychological Medicine 1993; 23: 719–729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobo A, Saz P, Marcos G, Dia J-L, De-La-Camara C. The prevalence of dementia depression in the elderly community in a Southern European population. The Zaragoza study. Archives of General Psychiatry 1995; 52: 497–506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beekman A T.F, Deeg D J.H, van Tilburg T, Smit J H, Hooijer C, van Tilburg W. Major and minor depression in later life: a study of prevalence and risk factors. Journal of Affective Disorders 1995; 36: 65–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo J J, Rabins P V, Lyketsos C G. Depression without sadness. functional outcomes of nondysphoric depression in later life. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1997; 45: 570–578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsell Y, Jorm A F, Winblad B. The outcome of depression and dysthymia in a very elderly population: results from a three-year follow-up study. Aging and Mental Health 1998; 2: 100–104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman S C, Sheldon C T, Bland R C. Prevalence of depression in an elderly community sample: a comparison of GMSAGECAT and DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Psychological Medicine 1998; 28: 1339–1345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurland B, Copeland J, Kuriansky J, Kelleher M, Sharpe L, Dean L L. The Mind and Mood of Aging. Croom-Helm, London 1983
   Google Scholar
• Copeland J R.M, Dewey M E, Wood N, Searle R, Davidson I A, McWilliam C. Range of mental illness among the elderly in the community. Prevalence in Liverpool using the GMS-AGECAT package. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 150: 815–823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Arie O, Swartz L, Dickman B J. Depression in the elderly living in the community; its presentation and features. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 150: 169–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindesay J, Briggs K, Murphy E. The Guy’s/Age Concern Survey. Prevalence rates of cognitive impairment, depression and anxiety in an urban elderly community. British Journal of Psychiatry 1989; 155: 317–329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingston G, Hawkins A, Graham N, Blizard B, Mann A. The Gospel Oak Study. prevalence rates of dementia, depression and activity limitation among elderly residents in Inner London. Psychological Medicine 1990; 20: 137–146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fichter M M, Meller I, Schröppel H, Steinkirchner R. Dementia and cognitive impairment in the oldest old in the community. Prevalence and comorbidity. British Journal of Psychiatry 1995; 166: 621–629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Ojen R, Hooijer C, Jonker C, Lindeboom J, van Tilburg W. Late-life depressive disorder in the community early onset the decrease of vulnerability with increasing age. Journal of Affective Disorders 1995; 33: 159–166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kua E H, Ko S M, Fones C, Tan S L. Comorbidity of depression in the elderly –an epidemiological study in a Chinese community. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1996; 11: 699–704
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby M, Bruce I, Radic A, Coakley D, Lawlor B A. Mental disorders among the community-dwelling elderly in Dublin. British Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 171: 369–372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong M-Y, Chen C-C, Tsang H-Y, et al. Community study of depression in old age in Taiwan. British Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 178: 29–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copeland J R.M, Dewey M E, Griffiths-Jones H M. A computerised psychiatric diagnostic system and case nomenclature for elderly subjects: GMS and AGECAT. Psychological Medicine 1986; 16: 89–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorm A F. Does old age reduce the risk of anxiety and depression? A review of epidemiological studies across the adult life span. Psychological Medicine 2000; 30: 11–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen H, Jorm A F, Mackinnon A J, et al. Age differences in depression and anxiety symptoms: a structural equation modelling analysis of data from a general population sample. Psychological Medicine 1999; 29: 325–339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regier D A, Farmer M E, Rae D S, et al. One-month prevalence of mental disorders in the United States and sociodemographic characteristics: the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1993; 88: 35–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bland R C, Newman S C, Orn H. Period prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Edmonton. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1988; 77(Suppl. 338)33–42
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fichter M M, Narrow W E, Roper M T, et al. Prevalence of mental illness in Germany and the United States. Comparison of the Upper Bavarian study and the Epidemiologic Catchment Area program. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1996; 184: 598–606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehtinen V, Joukamaa M, Lahtela K, et al. Prevalence of mental disorders among adults in Finland: basic results from the Mini Finland Health Survey. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1990; 81: 418–425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics. Mental Helath and Wellbeing. Profile of Adults. Australia 1997. Australian Burea of Statistics, Canberra 1998
   Google Scholar
• Romanovski A J, Folstein M F, Nestadt G, et al. The epidemiology of psychiatrist-ascertained depression and DSM-III depressive disorders. Results from the Eastern Baltimore Mental Health Survey clinical reappraisal. Psychological Medicine 1992; 22: 629–655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson A S. Does ageing protect against depression?. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 1994; 29: 107–109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince M J, Harwood R H, Blizard R A, Thomas A, Mann A H. Impairment, disability and handicap as risk factors for depression in old age. The Gospel Oak Project V. Psychological Medicine 1997; 27: 311–321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodaty H, Peters K, Boyce P, et al. Age and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 1991; 23: 137–149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyness J M, King D A, Cox C, Yoediono Z, Caine E D. The importance of subsyndromal depression in older primary care patients: prevalence and associated functional disability. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1999; 47: 647–652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapaport M H, Judd L L. Minor depressive disorder and subsyndromal depressive symptoms: functional impairment and response to treatment. Journal of Affective Disorders 1998; 48: 227–232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copeland J R.M. Depression in older age; diagnostic problems, new knowledge and neglected areas. Depressive disorders. WPA Series. Evidence and experience in psychiatry, M Maj, N Sartorius. Wiley, Chichester 1999; 364–366
   Google Scholar
• Blazer D. Filling in the gaps about depression in the elderly. Depressive disorders. WPA Series. Evidence and experience in psychiatry, M Maj, N Sartorius. Wiley, Chichester 1999; 376–377
   Google Scholar
• Roberts R E, Kaplan G A, Shema S J, Strawbridge W J. Does growing old increase the risk for depression?. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 154: 1384–1390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince M J, Beekman A TF, Deeg D JH, et al. Depression symptoms in late life assessed using the EURO-D scale. British Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 174: 339–345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snowdon J. Suicide rates and methods in different age groups: Australian data and perceptions. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1997; 12: 253–258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyness J M, Cox C, Curry J, Conwell Y, King D A, Caine E D. Older age and the underreporting of depressive symptoms. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1995; 43: 216–221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton M C, Breitner J C.S, Welsh K A, Wyse B W. Characteristics of non-responders in a community survey of the elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1994; 42: 1252–1256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson A S, Jorm A F, Korten A E, Jacomb P, Christensen H, Rodgers B. Symptoms of depression and anxiety during adult life: evidence for a decline in prevalence with age. Psychological Medicine 1998; 28: 1321–1328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar