Motherhood and schizophrenic illnesses: a review of the literature

References

• Parry B L. Postpartum psychiatric syndromes. Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry, 6th edn., H I Kaplan, B J Sadock. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore 1994; 1059–1065
   Google Scholar
• Marce L V. Traite de la folie des femmes encientes, des nouvelles accouchees et des nourrices. Baillerie, Paris 1858
   Google Scholar
• Kraeplin E. Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. Livingstone, Edinburgh 1919
   Google Scholar
• Bleuler E. Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias 1911, English edn. International University Press, New York 1950
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 1st edn. APA, Washington, DC 1952
   Google Scholar
• Tetlow C. Psychoses of child bearing. Journal of Mental Science 1955; 101: 629–639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paffenbarger R S. Epidemiological aspects of parapartum mental illness. British Journal of Preventative Social Medicine 1964; 18: 189–195
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brockington I F. Puerperal psychosis. Motherhood and mental health, I F Brockington. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1996; 201–284
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. APA, Washington, DC 1994
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. WHO, Geneva 1992
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan H I, Sadock B J. Synopsis of psychiatry: behavioral sciences, clinical psychiatry, 8th edn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore 1998; 508–509
   Google Scholar
• McNeil T F. A prospective study of postpartum psychoses. 1. Clinical characteristics of the current postpartum episodes. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1986; 74: 205–216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendell R E, Chalmers J C, Platz C. Epidemiology of puerperal psychoses. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 150: 662–673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer R L, Endicott J, Robins E. Research diagnostic criteria: rationale and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry 1978; 35: 773–782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendell R E, Wainright S, Hailey A. The influence of childbirth on psychiatric morbidity. Psychological Medicine 1976; 6: 297–302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockington I F, Cernik K F, Schofield E M, Downing A R. Puerperal psychosis. Phenomena and Diagnosis Archives of General Psychiatry 1981; 38: 829–833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean C, Kendell R E. The symptomatology of puerperal illnesses. British Journal of Psychiatry 1981; 139: 128–133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katona C. Puerperal mental illness: comparison with non-puerperal controls. British Journal of Psychiatry 1982; 141: 447–452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klompenhouwer L J, Van Hulst A M. Classification of postpartum psychosis: a study of 250 mother and baby admissions in The Netherlands. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1991; 84: 255–261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockington I F, Winokur G, Dean C. Puerperal psychosis. Motherhood and mental illness, I F Brockington, R Kumar. Academic Press, London 1982; 37–69
   Google Scholar
• Kumar R, Marks M, Platz C, Yoshida K. Clinical survey of a psychiatric mother and baby unit: characteristics of 100 consecutive admissions. Journal of Affective Disorders 1995; 33: 11–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oates M. Psychiatric services for women following childbirth. International Review of Psychiatry 1996; 8: 87–98
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schopf J, Bryois C, Jonquiere M, Le P K. On the nosology of severe post-partum disorders: results of a camnestic investigation. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences 1984; 234: 54–63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wieck A, Kumar R, Hirst A D. Increased sensitivity of dopamine receptors and recurrence of affective psychosis after childbirth. British Medical Journal 1991; 303: 613–616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarden P E, Max D M, Eisenbach Z. The effect of childbirth on the prognosis of married schizophrenic women. British Journal of Psychiatry 1966; 112: 491–499
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson J, Robertson E. A follow-up study of postpartum illness, 1946–78. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1985; 71: 451–457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies A, McIvor R J, Channi Kumar R. Impact of childbirth on a series of schizophrenic mothers: a comment on the possible influence of oestrogen on schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 1995; 16: 25–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feighner J P, Robins E, Guze S B, Woodruff R A, Winokur G, Munoz R. Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry 1972; 26: 57–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terp I M, Engholm G, Moller H, Mortensen P B. A follow-up study of postpartum psychoses: prognosis and risk factors for readmission. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1999; 100: 40–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulkarni J, de Castella A, Smith D, Taffe J, Keks N, Copolov D. A clinical trial of the effects of oestrogen in acutely psychotic women. Schizophrenia Research 1996; 20: 247–252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulkarni J, Riedel A, de Castella A, et al. Oestrogen–a potential treatment for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2001; 48: 137–144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartorius N, Jablensky A, Shapiro R. Cross-cultural differences in the short-term prognosis of schizophrenia psychoses. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1978; 4: 102–113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anngermeyer M C, Kuhn L. Gender differences in age at onset of schizophrenia, an overview. European Archives Psychiatry Neurology Science 1988; 237: 351–364
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seeman M V. Interaction of sex, age and neuroleptic dose. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1983; 24: 125–128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein J M. Gender differences in the course of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1988; 145: 684–689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennerstein L, Judd F, Davies B. Psychosis and the menstrual cycle. Medical Journal of Australia 1983; 1: 524–526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeman M V, Lang M. The role of oestrogens in schizophrenia gender differences. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1990; 16: 185–195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiPaolo T, Payet P, Labrie F. Effect of chronic oestradiol and haloperidol treatment on striatal dopamine receptors. European Journal of Pharmacology 1981; 73: 105–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiPaolo T. Modulation of brain dopamine transmission by sex steroids. Review of Neuroscience 1994; 5: 27–41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDermott J L, Liu B, Dluzen D E. Sex differences and effects of oestrogen on dopamine and DOPAC release from the striatum of male and female CD-1 mice. Experimental Neurology 1994; 125: 306–311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overall J, Gorham D. The brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychological Reports 1962; 10: 799–812
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreasen N C. Scale for the assessment of positive symptoms (SAPS). The University of Iowa, Iowa City 1984
   Google Scholar
• Andreasen N C. Scale for the assessment of negative symptoms (SANS). The University of Iowa, Iowa City 1983
   Google Scholar
• Kay S R, Fiszbein A, Opler L A. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1987; 13: 261–276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young J L, Zonana H V, Shepler L. Medication noncompliance in schizophrenia: codification and update. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry Law 1986; 14: 105–122
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiden P, Rapkin B, Mott T. Rating of medication influences (ROMI) scale in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1994; 20: 297–310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayuso-Gutierrez J L, del Rio V. Factors influencing relapse in the long term course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 1997; 28: 199–206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birley J LT, Brown G W. Crises and life changes preceding the onset or relapse of acute schizophrenia: clinical aspects. British Journal of Psychiatry 1970; 116: 327–333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafner H, Riechler-Rossler A, Maurer K. First onset and symptomatology of schizophrenia. A chapter of epidemiological and neurobiological research into age and sex differences. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1992; 242: 109–118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks M N, Wieck A, Checkley A, Kumar R. Life stress and post-partum psychosis: a preliminary report. British Journal of Psychiatry 1991; 158(Suppl. 10)45–49
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ventura J, Nuechterlein K H, Lukoff D, Hardesty J P. A prospective study of stressful life events and schizophrenic relapse. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1989; 98: 407–411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller L J, Finnerty M. Sexuality, pregnancy, and childrearing among women with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Psychiatric Services 1996; 47: 502–506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein A, Gath D H, Bucher J. The relationship between postnatal depression and mother child interaction. British Journal of Psychiatry 1991; 158: 46–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seifer R, Dickstein S. Parental mental illness and infant development. Handbook of infant mental health, C Zeanah. Guilford, New York 1993
   Google Scholar
• Garmezy N. Children at risk: the search for antecedents in schizophrenia. Part 1. Conceptual models and research issues. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1974; 8: 14–90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gamer E, Gallant M S, Grunebaum H. Children of psychotic mothers: an evaluation of 1 year olds on a test of object permanence. Archives of General Psychiatry 1976; 33: 311–317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunebaum H, Weiss J L, Gallant D, Cohler B J. Attention in young children of psychotic mothers. American Journal of Psychiatry 1974; 131: 887–891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brazelton T B, Cramer B G. The earliest relationship: parents, infants and the drama of early attachment. Addison- Wesley, Reading 1990
   Google Scholar
• Snellen M, Mack K, Trauer T. Schizophrenia, mental state and mother–infant interaction: examining the relationship. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 33: 902–911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margison F. The pathology of the mother-child relationship. Motherhood and mental illness, I F Brockington, R Kumar. Academic Press, London 1981; 191–219
   Google Scholar
• Taylor C G, Norman J, Murphy M. Diagnosed intellectual and emotional impairment among parents who seriously mistreat their children. Child Abuse and Neglect 1991; 15: 389–440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falcov A. Fatal Child Abuse and Parental Psychiatric Disorder. Working Together, Part 8 Reports. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London 1996, Department Health ACPC Series, no. 1
   Google Scholar
• Department of Human Services. Understanding and responding to child abuse and neglect. Protective Care/Prevention and Education Unit, Melbourne 1996
   Google Scholar